Long Distance Propagation of HF Radio Waves

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Very Long-Distance and Magnetospheric Propagation.- 1.1.1 Round-the-World Signals.- 1.1.2 Long-Distance Oblique Sounding.- 1.1.3 Magnetospheric Propagation.- 1.2 Features of Radio Wave Propagation over Long Distances.- 2 Spherically-Symmetric Ionosphere.- 2.1 Wave Equation in the Spherically-Symmetric Ionosphere; Ionospheric Wave Ducts.- 2.2 Radio Wave Field in an Ionospheric Duct.- 2.3 Radio Wave Tunneling through the Interduct Barriers; Capture Coefficient.- 2.4 Ray Trajectories; Pulse Propagation.- 3 Horizontally-Inhomogeneous Ionosphere.- 3.1 Geometrical Optics.- 3.2 Adiabatic Approximation.- 3.3 Lateral Deviations of the Radio Wave Trajectories; Bearing Variation.- 3.4 Capture of Radio Waves into the Interlayer Ionospheric Duct and Their Escape from the Duct.- 4 Regularities of Very Long-Distance Radio Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere.- 4.1 Investigations of the Global Characteristics of Long-Distance Propagation.- 4.2 Radio Wave Absorption.- 5 Calculation of Long-Distance Radio Paths.- 5.1 Radio Path Calculation with a Parabolic Model of the Ionosphere.- 5.2 Calculation of Long-Distance Radio Paths, Using the Complex Ionospheric Model.- 5.3 Comparison of the Adiabatic Approximation with the Ray-Tracing Techniques.- 6 Radio Wave Scattering.- 6.1 Effect of Scattering on the Capture of Radio Waves into the Interlayer Duct.- 6.2 Effect of Multiple Scattering on Radio Wave Propagation in a Duct.- 6.3 Signal Fluctuations in the Reception Point.- 7 Nonlinear Phenomena.- 7.1 Regular Nonlinear Refraction.- 7.2 Nonlinear Radio Wave Scattering.- 8 Radio Wave Propagation in the Magnetosphere.- 8.1 Electromagnetic Wave Guiding by Weak Waveguides.- 8.2 HF Radio Waves in the Magnetospheric Ducts.- Appendix 1 Wave Equation. Radio Wave Field Distribution inConnected Waveguide Ducts.- A1.1 Wave Equation.- A1.2 Radio Wave Field Distribution in Connected Waveguide Ducts.- Appendix 2 Analytical Models of Ionospheric Parameters.- A2.1 Three-Dimensional Equinoctial Model of Electron Density in the Ionosphere.- A2.2 Three-Dimensional Equinoctial Model of Electron Effective Collision Frequency.- Appendix 3 Wave Theory of HF Radio Wave Propagation in a Horizontally-Inhomogeneous Ionosphere (N. D. Borisov and A.V. Gurevich).- A3.1 Wave Propagation in a Slightly Inhomogeneous Ionosphere.- A3.2 Quasispherical Approximation.- A3.3 Interaction of Quasispherical Modes in the Real Ionosphere.- A3.4 Adiabatic Modes of Ionospheric Waveguides.- A3.5 Radio Wave Capture into IWD.- A3.5.1 Neighborhood of the Separatrix.- A3.5.2 Antenna Radiation Field.- A3.5.3 Radio Wave Capture into a Duct. Role of Wave Effects.- Principal Symbols.- List of Abbreviations.- References.