Mediators and Drugs in Gastrointestinal Motility I

1 Historical Perspective.- 2 Morphological Basis of Gastrointestinal Motility: Structure and Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure of Smooth Muscle.- C. Innervation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle.- D. Integration of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Neurons into Reflex Circuits.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Morphological Basis of Gastrointestinal Motility: Ultrastructure and Histochemistry of Endocrine-Paracrine Cells in the Gut.- A. General Cytology and Physiology.- B. Classification and Description of Cell Types.- C. Pathology.- D. Summary.- References.- 4 Ionic Basis of Smooth Muscle Action Potentials.- A. Introduction.- B. Methodologic Problems.- C. Effects of Na Ions.- D. Effects of Tetrodotoxin.- E. Na-Dependent Activity in Ca-Free Solution.- F. Effects of Ca Ions.- G. Regulation of Intracellular Ca.- H. Effects of Intracellular Ca.- I. Effects of Decreasing K Conductance.- K. Effects of Membrane Polarization.- L. Effects of Ca Antagonists.- M. General Properties of Spikes and Their Implications.- N. Summary.- References.- 5 Electrophysiology of Intestinal Smooth Muscle.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods Used In Electrical Recording.- C. Electrical Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle.- D. Relationship Between Electrical and Mechanical Activity.- E. Migrating Myoelectric Complex.- F. Electromyography in Clinical Practice.- References.- 6 Electrophysiology of the Enteric Neurons.- A. Introduction.- B. Extracellular Recording Techniques.- C. Intracellular Recording Techniques.- D. Actions of Endogenous and Exogenous Substances on Enteric Neurons.- E. Functional Roles of Enteric Neurons in the Control of Gastrointestinal Motility.- References.- 7 In Vivo Techniques for the Study of Gastrointestinal Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. Techniques for the Study of Wall Movements.- C. Techniques for the Study of Intraluminal Pressure.- D. Techniqes for the Study of Transit of Contents.- E. Use of Combined Techniques.- References.- 8 In Vitro Techniques for the Study of Gastrointestinal Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. General Methodology.- C. Muscle Segments and Strips.- D. Gastric Motility.- E. Intestinal Peristalsis.- F. Effects of Stretch on Muscle Strips.- G. Electrical Stimulation of Autonomic Nerves.- H. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Nervous Control of Esophageal and Gastric Motility.- A. Nervous Control of the Esophagus.- B. Nervous Control of the Stomach.- References.- 10 Nervous Control of Intestinal Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. Neuromuscular Transmission in the Intestine.- C. Transmission and Pathways in Enteric Ganglia.- D. Initiation of Sensory Inputs in the Intestine.- E. Electrical Stimulation of Extrinsic Nerves.- F. Conclusions on Neuromuscular and Ganglionic Transmission in the Intestine.- G. Patterns of Motility of the Intestine.- H. Nervous Control of Intestinal Motility.- J. Role of Intrinsic Nerves in the Pattern of Intestinal Motility in the Freely Fed State.- K. Extrinsic Intestinal (Intestinointestinal) Reflexes.- L. General Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Note Added in Proof.- 11 Identification of Gastrointestinal Neurotransmitters.- A. Criteria for Transmitter Identification and Their Application to the Intestine.- B. Evidence that a Number of Different Neurotransmitters are Released in the Gastrointestinal Tract.- C. Identification of Acetylcholine as an Intestinal Transmitter.- D. Noradrenaline as an Intestinal Transmitter.- E. Evidence For and Against 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- F. Evidence For and Against Dopamine.- G. Evidence that ?-Aminobutyric Acid is a Neurotransmitterin the Intestine.- H. Identification of the Transmitter Released from Enteric Inhibitory Nerves.- J. Peptides as Intestinal Transmitters.- K. Summary.- Note Added in Proof.- References.