Glucagon III

1 The Industrial Production of Glucagon.- A. Introduction.- B. Production.- C. Analysis of Recombinant Human Glucagon.- D. Stability.- References.- 2 The Glucagon Gene and Its Expression.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure.- C. Expression.- D. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Preproglucagon and Its Processing.- A. Introduction.- B. Tissue-Specific Post-translational Processing of Proglucagon.- C. Role of Prohormone Convertases in Proglucagon Processing.- D. Secondary, Postsecretory Processing of Proglucagon-Derived Peptides.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 4 The Glucagon Receptor Gene: Organization and Tissue Distribution.- A. Introduction.- B. Cloning of the Glucagon Receptor.- C. Organization of the Glucagon Receptor Gene.- D. Tissue Distribution of the Glucagon Receptors.- E. Tissue Distribution of Glucagon Receptor Transcripts.- F. Regulation of Glucagon Receptor Gene Expression.- G. Structure/Function Analysis of the Glucagon Receptor.- H. Human Glucagon Receptor.- I. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Mode of Action of Glucagon Revisited.- A. Introduction.- B. Glucagon Actions Mediated Through Glucagon Receptors.- C. Glucagon is Processed by Its Target Cells.- D. Action of Mini-glucagon [Glucagon (19-29)] in Liver.- E. Mini-glucagon Action in Heart.- F. Glucagon and Mini-glucagon Act in Concert.- G. Conclusion and Perspectives.- References.- 6 Pulsatility of Glucagon.- A. Introduction.- B. Oscillations in Glucagon Plasma Levels.- C. Pulsatile Glucagon Secretion In Vitro.- D. Pulsatile Glucagon Delivery In Vitro.- E. Pulsatile Glucagon Delivery In Vivo.- F. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Glucagon and Diabetes.- A. Introduction.- B. Diabetogenic Effects of Glucagon.- C. The A Cell in Diabetes.- D. Circulating Glucagon Levels in Diabetes.- E. Glucagon Dysfunction in Diabetes.- F.Role of Glucagon Excess in the Metabolic Abnormalities of Diabetes.- G. Therapeutic Implications.- H. Conclusions.- References.- 8 The Search for Glucagon Antagonists.- A. Glucagon as a Drug Target.- B. Search for a Glucagon Antagonist.- References.- 9 Glucagon and Glucose Counterregulation.- A. Introduction.- B. Glycemic Action of Glucagon.- C. Glucagon Secretion.- D. Role of Glucagon in Glucose Counterregulation.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 10 Modes of Glucagon Administration.- A. Introduction.- B. Classic Routes of Administration.- C. New Routes of Glucagon Administration.- D. Conclusions.- References.- 11 The Place of Glucagon in Emergency Medicine.- A. Hypoglycemia.- B. Cardiovascular Insufficiency.- C. Vascular Effects.- D. Renal/Urologic Effects.- E. Shock.- F. Respiratory Effects.- G. Gastrointestinal Effects.- H. Radiographic Studies.- I. Adverse Effects.- References.- 12 The Place of Glucagon in Medical Imaging.- A. Introduction.- B. Upper Gastrointestinal Tract.- C. Small Bowel.- D. Large Bowel.- E. Biliary Tract.- F. Other Applications.- G. Side Effects and Contraindications.- References.- 13 The Glucagon Test for Evaluation of Insulin Secretion.- A. Introduction.- B. Methodological Aspects.- C. Comparison with Other Stimuli.- D. Clinical Applications.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 14 Glucagon and the Control of Appetite.- A. Introduction.- B. Prandial Glucagon Secretion.- C. Glucagon Administration and Food Intake.- D. Glucagon Antagonism and Food Intake.- E. Mechanism of Glucagon Satiety.- F. Clinical Aspects.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Glucagonoma and Its Management.- A. Introduction.- B. Diagnosis and Localization of the Tumor.- C. Management of the Glucagonoma Syndrome.- D. Prognosis.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Structure and Functionof the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor.- A. Introduction.- B. GLP-1 Receptor.- C. Conclusions.- References.- 17 Physiology and Pathophysiology of GLP-1.- A. The Incretin Concept.- B. Origin, Processing, Secretion and Fate of GLP-1.- C. Tissue Distribution of GLP-1 Receptors and Biological Actions.- D. Signal Transduction of the GLP-1 Receptor.- E. Pathophysiological Relevance?.- References.- 18 Potential of GLP-1 in Diabetes Management.- A. Introduction.- B. Actions of GLP-1 on Blood Glucose in Humans.- C. Gastrointestinal Effects of GLP-1 in Humans.- D. GLP-1 and Diabetes.- E. GLP-1 Metabolism in Normal and Diabetic Subjects.- F. Conclusion and Outlook.- References.- 19 Oxyntomodulin and Its Related Peptides.- A. Introduction.- B. Biological Characteristics of Oxyntomodulin.- C. Conclusions.- References.