Image Transfer Through a Scattering Medium

1 Introduction.- 1.1 A Brief History.- 1.2 Structure of the Book.- 1.3 Notes on Terminology.- 2 Radiation Field and Scattering Medium Characteristics.- 2.1 Radiation Field.- 2.2 Optical Parameters of a Volume Element.- 2.3 Radiation Transfer Equation.- 2.4 Similarity Principle and Modeling.- 2.5 Corollaries of the Optical Reciprocity Theorem.- 3 Light Scattering in Semi-Infinite Media and Plane Layers Illuminated by Infinitely Extended Plane Sources.- 3.1 Basic Equations.- 3.2 Asymptotic Regime in Deep Layers.- 3.3 Reflection from a Semi-Infinite Medium.- 3.4 Reflection and Transmission by Layers of Finite Thickness.- 3.5 Reflection and Transmission by Optically Thick Scattering Layers.- 3.6 Approximate Indicatrix Model Solutions.- 3.7 Two-Stream Approximation.- 4 Radiation Transfer in Scattering Media Illuminated by Localized Sources.- 4.1 Transfer Equation for a Narrow Beam. Spatial Radiance and Irradiance Distribution Moments.- 4.2 Local and Asymptotic Properties of Transfer Equation Solutions.- 4.3 The Diffusion Equation.- 4.4 Small-Angle Approximation.- 4.5 Small-Angle Diffusion Approximation.- 4.6 Notes on Multiple Backscattering.- 4.7 Generalized Multiple Scattering Theory Parameters and Applicability of Approximate Solutions.- 4.8 Nonstationary Radiation Field from Localized Pulsed Sources.- 5 Elements of Vision Theory.- 5.1 Image Quality Characteristics.- 5.2 Image Transfer Characteristics.- 5.3 Active Vision Systems.- 5.4 Visual Perception. Real Object Detection and Discrimination Range.- 5.5 Television and Location Target Detection Systems.- 5.6 Basic Characteristics of the Eye and Other Photodetectors.- 6 Optical Transfer Function of a Scattering Medium.- 6.1 OTF of a Homogeneous Layer.- 6.2 OTF of an Inhomogeneous Layer.- 6.3 Scattering Layer OTF along an Oblique Path. Phase Transfer Function.- 6.4 Nonlinear Distortions in Thick Scattering Layers.- 6.5 Object Image Contrast.- 6.6 The Function ? in Object Detection and Discrimination.- 7 Image Transfer in Coherent Light.- 7.1 Coherent-Holography Imaging Through a Scattering Medium.- 7.2 Comparison of Holographic and Incoherent Vision Systems.- 8 Viewing in Atmosphere.- 8.1 Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere.- 8.2 Light Source Visibility.- 8.3 Object Visibility in Sunlight.- 8.4 Vision Characteristics in Cloud and Fog.- 8.5 Viewing Through Stochastic Clouds.- 9 Underwater Vision and Location in Sea Water.- 9.1 Optical Properties of Sea Water.- 9.2 Object Visibility in Sea Water.- 9.3 Underwater Television.- 9.4 Image Transfer Through a Rough Sea Surface.- 9.5 The Range of Optical Pulsed Location in Sea Water.- 10 Image Quality Problems in Photographic Layers and Luminescent Screens.- 10.1 Optical Parameters of a Photographic Layer.- 10.2 Modulation Transfer Function of Photographic Materials.- 10.3 Optical Parameters of a Luminescent Screen.- 10.4 Modulation Transfer Function of Luminescent Screens.- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.- References.