The First Mapping of America

Alexander Johnson is an international authority on historical cartography. He has been a Senior Consultant in Cartography to Christie's in London and was formerly head of the map department at one of the world's leading antiquarian book dealers in New York.

Contents
PART I
Chapter 1: Introduction
Maps, Knowledge & Power in the Age of the Enlightenment
PART II The Antecedents and Genesis of the General Survey
Introduction
Chapter 2: The Civilian and Military Antecedents of the General Survey
Governance of Colonial Affairs in British North America; Signs of Progress;Lord Halifax Becomes President of the Board of Trade; Introducing William Gerard De Brahm;The Development of Military Cartography in British North America; Introducing Samuel Holland

Chapter 3: The Genesis of the General Survey
The Role & Status of the Board of Trade; The Grenville Ministry & the New Colonial Policy;The Important New Policy Questions of the Day; The Proclamation of 7 October 1763; Samuel Holland’s Timely Proposal for the General Survey; The Plan for the Survey is Defined; Linking Surveys, Envisioned as Additions to Complete the General Survey
Scientific Surveying as Practiced by the General Survey of British North America
Chapter 4: The Pre-Existing Information Influencing The General Survey
Pre-Existing Maps of the Northern District: The Maps of L’Acadie versus Nova Scotia; Depiction of the Island of St. John up to 1764; Depiction of Cape Breton Island up to 1764; Pre-existing Maps for the Southern District: Spanish Florida, 1565-1763; Spanish Conceptions of Florida during their First Colonial Period; Maps & Geographical Information acquired by the British in 1764
PART III Mapping `Infant Colonies’: The Commencement of the General Survey
Chapter 5: The Northern District
Holland Arrives to Begin The Survey; Holland Assembles his Team; Holland Manages the Inherent Operational Issues; The Survey in Nova Scotia Begins; Holland’s General Map & Account of the Island of St. John; Holland’s Account of the Natural Attributes of the Island of St. John’s; Holland’s Survey Received; The Decision About St. John; The Survey of Cape Breton Island; Whitehall’s `Temporary’ Settlement Freeze in Cape Breton Surveying Operations in Cape Breton Island; Holland’s Reports and General Map of Cape Breton; Holland Quietly Supports Nova Scotian Activism; Whitehall Continues the Settlement Freeze; The Survey Begins in Québec; Holland’s Own `Murray Map’; Mapping the Gaspésie; Charting Lower St. Lawrence
Surveying Newfoundland’s Dependencies The Magdalen Islands; Anticosti Island; Labrador; Conclusions
Chapter 6: The Southern District
Introduction; Whitehall’s High Hopes; James Grant Becomes East Florida’s First Governor; De Brahm Sets Out; De Brahm’s Reconnaissance Mapping of the Atlantic Coast, 1765-1766; De Brahm’s First Mission; De Brahm’s Survey of Mosquito Inlet; The Second Coastal Reconnaissance Mission, Spring of 1765; Mapping the St. John’s River & the Search for a Trans-Peninsular Navigable Passage; The Gathering Storm; De Brahm Excluded
PART IV `Closing the Net’: The General Survey during the Administration of the Earl of Hillsborough
Introduction
Chapter 7: The Northern District
Charting New England
The Coastal Surveys from Cape Ann to the Kennebec River; Whitehall’s New Forestry Agenda
Chapter 8: The Southern District
The Trials of William Gerard De Brahm; Romans and Durnford Take Over De Brahm’s Duties on the General Survey; East Florida, 1768-1771: Growing Pains; The Search for a Connection to the Gulf of Mexico; Tampa Bay: `A Good Harbour for all Purposes’; Enter Bernard Romans; The General Survey Charts the Gulf Coast; The Northernmost Parts of East Florida’s Atlantic Coast; Towards Miami; De Brahm’s Atlantic Pilot: The Florida Keys & The Gulf Stream; Bernard Romans Continues the Gulf Survey; West Florida
The Downfall of the Earl of Hillsborough
PART V The General Survey under the Administration of the Earl of Dartmouth
Introduction
Lord Dartmouth becomes Secretary of State for the Colonies; Power and Influence within the American Department & the Board of Trade; The Role of the General Survey in Fulfilling Policy Objectives During Dartmouth’s Tenure; The Royal Factor: George III’s Interest in the General Survey
Chapter 9: The Northern District
Contents
PART I
Chapter 1: Introduction
Maps, Knowledge & Power in the Age of the Enlightenment
PART II The Antecedents and Genesis of the General Survey
Introduction
Chapter 2: The Civilian and Military Antecedents of the General Survey
Governance of Colonial Affairs in British North America; Signs of Progress;Lord Halifax Becomes President of the Board of Trade; Introducing William Gerard De Brahm;The Development of Military Cartography in British North America; Introducing Samuel Holland

Chapter 3: The Genesis of the General Survey
The Role & Status of the Board of Trade; The Grenville Ministry & the New Colonial Policy;The Important New Policy Questions of the Day; The Proclamation of 7 October 1763; Samuel Holland’s Timely Proposal for the General Survey; The Plan for the Survey is Defined; Linking Surveys, Envisioned as Additions to Complete the General Survey
Scientific Surveying as Practiced by the General Survey of British North America
Chapter 4: The Pre-Existing Information Influencing The General Survey
Pre-Existing Maps of the Northern District: The Maps of L’Acadie versus Nova Scotia; Depiction of the Island of St. John up to 1764; Depiction of Cape Breton Island up to 1764; Pre-existing Maps for the Southern District: Spanish Florida, 1565-1763; Spanish Conceptions of Florida during their First Colonial Period; Maps & Geographical Information acquired by the British in 1764
PART III Mapping `Infant Colonies’: The Commencement of the General Survey
Chapter 5: The Northern District
Holland Arrives to Begin The Survey; Holland Assembles his Team; Holland Manages the Inherent Operational Issues; The Survey in Nova Scotia Begins; Holland’s General Map & Account of the Island of St. John; Holland’s Account of the Natural Attributes of the Island of St. John’s; Holland’s Survey Received; The Decision About St. John; The Survey of Cape Breton Island; Whitehall’s `Temporary’ Settlement Freeze in Cape Breton; Surveying Operations in Cape Breton Island; Holland’s Reports and General Map of Cape Breton; Holland Quietly Supports Nova Scotian Activism; Whitehall Continues the Settlement Freeze; The Survey Begins in Québec; Holland’s Own `Murray Map’; Mapping the Gaspésie; Charting Lower St. Lawrence
Surveying Newfoundland’s Dependencies The Magdalen Islands; Anticosti Island; Labrador; Conclusions
Chapter 6: The Southern District
Introduction; Whitehall’s High Hopes; James Grant Becomes East Florida’s First Governor; De Brahm Sets Out; De Brahm’s Reconnaissance Mapping of the Atlantic Coast, 1765-1766; De Brahm’s First Mission; De Brahm’s Survey of Mosquito Inlet; The Second Coastal Reconnaissance Mission, Spring of 1765; Mapping the St. John’s River & the Search for a Trans-Peninsular Navigable Passage; The Gathering Storm; De Brahm Excluded
PART IV `Closing the Net’: The General Survey during the Administration of the Earl of Hillsborough
Introduction
Chapter 7: The Northern District
Charting New England
The Coastal Surveys from Cape Ann to the Kennebec River; Whitehall’s New Forestry Agenda
Chapter 8: The Southern District
The Trials of William Gerard De Brahm; Romans and Durnford Take Over De Brahm’s Duties on the General Survey; East Florida, 1768-1771: Growing Pains; The Search for a Connection to the Gulf of Mexico; Tampa Bay: `A Good Harbour for all Purposes’; Enter Bernard Romans; The General Survey Charts the Gulf Coast; The Northernmost Parts of East Florida’s Atlantic Coast; Towards Miami; De Brahm’s Atlantic Pilot: The Florida Keys & The Gulf Stream; Bernard Romans Continues the Gulf Survey; West Florida
The Downfall of the Earl of Hillsborough
PART V The General Survey under the Administration of the Earl of Dartmouth
Introduction
Lord Dartmouth becomes Secretary of State for the Colonies; Power and Influence within the American Department & the Board of Trade; The Role of the General Survey in Fulfilling Policy Objectives During Dartmouth’s Tenure; The Royal Factor: George III’s Interest in the General Survey
Chapter 9: The Northern District
Organization and Funding of the Northern Survey During Dartmouth’s Tenure; Holland’s Struggle to Retain His Work Force and Key Surveyors; The Admiralty & the Elusive General Map of the Northern District; The Recalcitrant J.F.W. Des Barres; Maine & the Timberlands: The Survey’s Magnificent Maps of Coastal Maine; The Northern Survey in New Hampshire: The Mystery of the General Map of New Hampshire; The Northern Survey in Metropolitan Massachusetts; The Northern Survey in Rhode Island; The Operational End of the Northern General Survey
Chapter 10. The Southern District
De Brahm in London - A Time of Redemption: De Brahm, the Author; De Brahm, the Scientist; Dartmouth and De Brahm in Land Speculation; De Brahm: the Journey Back; Events in East Florida: An “Accurate General Map” by Joseph Purcell; West Florida: Durnford, Romans and the Quest for a General Map: The Use of Maps in West Florida; Bernard Romans Completes the First General Map of West Florida
Part VI The General Survey and the Militarization of Civilian Cartography
Chapter 11.
Military Mapping in the Pre-War Period; General Gage’s Cartographic Crisis; The Siege of Boston
Enter the Maps of the General Survey; The `War Room’ & the Map Printing Revolution; The Continued Role of the General Survey’s Maps during the American Revolution; `The Guides & Pioneers’: The Human Legacy of the Northern Survey During the Revolution; The Southern District
PART VII Conclusion and Legacy
Chapter 12. Conclusion
Base Maps for the New Republic; `Loyal She Remains’: Mapping Britain’s remaining North American Provinces; New Horizons
Bibliography
Index