Visualizing Human Biology

0 How To Be a Successful Student 2
0.1 You and Your Textbook 4
0.2 What Kind of Learner Are You? 5
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: The Brain and Learning 7
I WONDER: Where can I Get The Best Information For My Research Paper? 8
0.3 Successful 21st Century Students Study Smarter, Not Harder 9
I WONDER: Do All Night Study Sessions Help or Hurt? 13
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIFE
1 What Is Life? 16
1.1 Living Organisms Display Nine Specific Characteristics 18
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Homeostasis Is a Way of Life! 19
1.2 Human Biology Is Structured and Logical 20
I WONDER... Are Viruses Considered Living Organisms? 24
1.3 Scientists Approach Questions Using the Scientific Method 26
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Why Should Endangered Species Matter to Me? 29
1.4 Scientific Findings Often Lead to Ethical Dilemmas 30
2 Where Do We Come from and Where Do We Fit? 36
2.1 What Are the Origins of Modern Humans? 38
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Neanderthal Extinction 42
I WONDER... How Are Fossilized Human Remains Interpreted to Produce Our Family Tree? 43
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Are Humans Still Evolving? 44
2.2 What Does the Human Body Have in Common with the World Around It? 45
2.3 We Reflect Our Environment: We Have a Habitat and a Niche 49
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Environmental Illness: Real or Imagined? 51
Taylor S. Kennedy/NG Image Collection 3Everyday Chemistry of Life 56
3.1 Life Has a Unique Chemistry 58
I WONDER... If I Take Ginseng, Will I Pass My Exams?! 58
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Electrolytes and Homeostasis 61
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: van der Waals Forces in Nature 64
3.2 Water Is Life s Essential Chemical 66
3.3 There Are Four Main Categories of Organic Chemicals 69
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Environmental Estrogens: Are We Feminizing the Planet? 73
4 Cells: Organization and Communication 84
4.1 The Cell Is Highly Organized and Dynamic 86
I WONDER... Can Stem Cells Really Cure Cancer? 87
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: This Baby Needs Water! 88
4.2 The Cell Membrane Delineates the Cell 89
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Malfunctioning Organelles Can Be Life Threatening 92
4.3 The Components of a Cell Are Called Organelles 94
4.4 Cell Communication Is Important to Cellular Success 103
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Artificial Life: Why Is It So Hard to Create? 105
5 Tissues 110
5.1 Cells Are the Building Blocks of Tissues 112
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Knee Troubles! 116
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Is Liposuction the Easy Way Out? 119
I WONDER... What Is Tissue Typing? 121
5.2 Organization Increases with Organs, Organ Systems, and the Organism 123
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Organ Farming?! 126
5.3 Scientists Use a Road Map to the Human Body 127
UNIT 2 MOVING THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT
6 The Skeletomuscular System 134
6.1 The Skeletomuscular System Is Multifunctional and Dynamic 136
6.2 Bone Is Strong and Light Tissue 138
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Broken Bones 142
6.3 The Skeleton Holds It All Together 143
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Reinventing the Skeletomuscular System 151
6.4 Skeletal Muscles Exercise Power 153
6.5 Whole–Muscle Contractions Require Energy 160
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: To Supplement or Not...That Is the Question 162
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Exercise Can Do a Body Good 163
I WONDER... Can I Really Think My Way to a Better Athletic Performance? 164
7 The Nervous System 172
7.1 The Nervous System Is Categorized by Structure and Function 174
7.2 Neurons Work Through Action Potentials 178
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Your Brain on Alcohol 183
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: What Causes Drug Addiction? 184
7.3 The Brain and Spinal Cord Are Central to the Nervous System 185
I WONDER... What Is a Concussion? 189
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Is Early Detection of Alzheimer s Benefician? 190
I WONDER... Does Sleep Really Make a Difference? 192
7.4 The Peripheral Nervous System Extends the Central Nervous System 198 Dr. Robert Frienland/Photo Researchers, Inc.
8 The Special Senses 204
8.1 The Special Senses Tell Us About Our Environment 206
I WONDER... Do Humans Respond to Phenomones? 206
8.2 Vision Is Our Most Acute Sense 212
8.3 The Special Senses Are Our Connection to the Outside World 219
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Sensory Sensitive Healing 220
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Laser Eye Surgery 221
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Let There Be Sight 222
UNIT 3 PROTECTION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
9 Immunity and the Lymphatic System 226
9.1 How Do We Adapt to Stress? 228
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Marriage May Often Cause a Momentary Feeling of Panic 231
9.2 Skin and Mucous Membranes Are the First Line of Defense 231
9.3 We Have a Second Line of Innate Defense 237
9.4 The Lymphatic System and Specific Immunity Are Our Third Line of Defense 239
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Mononucleosis and the Spleen 240
ETHICS AND ISSUES: How Do Thoughts and Emotions Affect Our T Cells and Immune Systems? 250
9.5 Immunity Can Be Acquired Actively or Passively 251
I WONDER... Are There Any Vaccines Against Cancer? 252
10 Infectious Disease and Epidemiology 260
10.1 The Study of Epidemics Is Global in Scope 262
I WONDER... Are Any Epidemics Occurring Right Now? 266
10.2 Bacteria Are Single–Celled Wonders that Can Cause Disease 267
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Testing Antibiotics 270
ETHICS AND ISSUES: MRSA Causes and Implications 271
10.3 Viruses Can Reproduce and Kill, but They Are Not Alive 274
10.4 AIDS and HIV Attack the Immune System 281
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Current Actions in Worldwide Disease Prevention 285
10.5 Other Pathogens Carry Other Dangers 286
11 Cancer 294
11.1 Cancer Cells Develop in Distinct Ways 296
11.2 Cancer Has Many Causes and Effects 301
ETHICS AND ISSUES: How Do We React to Cancer Clusters? 304
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Unraveling Genetic Links to Cancer Risks 306
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Getting Back to Work After Cancer 311
11.3 Cancer Can Be Diagnosed and Treated Effectively 312
I WONDER... How Can I Lower My Cancer Risks? 318
UNIT 4 THRIVING WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT
12 The Cardiovascular System 324
12.1 The Heart Ensures Continual, 24/7
Nutrient Delivery 326
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: AEDs and Cardiac Arrest 333
12.2 Blood Transport Involves Miles of Sophisticated Plumbing 335
12.3 Different Circulatory Pathways Have Specific Purposes 338
12.4 Cardiovascular Disorders Have Life–Threatening Consequences 339
12.5 Blood Consists of Plasma and Formed Elements 343
ETHICS AND ISSUES: When Do People Have the Right to Refuse a Blood Transfusion? 345
I WONDER... How Does Blood Doping Work? 350
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Blood Thinners: How and Why 353
13 The Respiratory System: Movement of Air 360
13.1 The Respiratory System Provides Us with Essential Gas Exchange 362
I WONDER... Can I Really Get Sick from Breathing Deeply in Caves? 371
13.2 Air Must Be Moved In and Out of the Respiratory System 372
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Aging and Changing Respiratory Volumes 375
13.3 External Respiration Brings Supplies for Internal Respiration 376
13.4 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Requires Hemoglobin and Plasma 378
13.5 Respiratory Health Is Critical to Survival 381
ETHICS AND ISSUES: When Does Particulate Air Pollution Become a Serious Public Health Hazard? 384
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Tobacco, the Universal Poison 386
14 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat 392
14.1 Nutrients Are Life Sustaining 394
I WONDER... How Is My Ideal Body Weight Determined? 400
14.2 Nutrients Are Metabolized 405
14.3 Health Can Be Hurt by Nutritional Disorders 409
ETHICS AND ISSUES: The Obesity Epidemic 410
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: A Hidden Peril: E. Coli–Infested Food 411
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: How Do Environmental Agents Become Concentrated in My Food? 413
15 The Digestive System 418
15.1 Digestion Begins in the Oral Cavity 420
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Do Whitening Toothpastes and Gels Work? 423
15.2 The Stomach Puts Food to the Acid Test 426
I WONDER... How Does Gastric Bypass Surgery Work? 427
15.3 The Intestines and Accessory Organs Finish the Job 429
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Gallbladder Removal Options 435
15.4 Digestion Is Both Mechanical and Chemical 438
ETHICS AND ISSUES: How Much Do We Help the World If We Go Vegan? 441
16 The Urinary System 446
16.1 The Kidneys Are the Core of the Urinary System 448
16.2 Urine Is Made, Transported, and Stored 452
I WONDER... Is Smart Water Really a Smart Choice? 453
16.3 The Urinary System Maintains the Body s Fluid and Solute Balance 458
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Why Is Salt Intake Imortant? 460
16.4 Life–Threatening Diseases Affect the Urinary System 462
ETHICS AND ISSUES: How Does a Urine Test Prove Drug Abuse? 463
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: What Are the Risks in Donating a Kidney? 465
UNIT 5 POPULATING THE ENVIRONMENT
17 The Endocrine System and Development 470
17.1 Hormones Are Chemical Messengers 472
17.2 The Endocrine Glands Secrete Directly into the Bloodstream 477
I WONDER... What is Precocious Puberty? 480
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Shrinking and Hormonal Imbalances 485
17.3 Development Takes Us from Infancy to Adulthood 490
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Ah, to Be Young Again 494
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Has Your Endocrine System Been Disrupted Today? 495
18 The Reproductive Systems: Maintaining the Species 500
18.1 Survival of the Species Depends on Gamete Formation 502
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Man and Woman 502
18.2 The Male Reproductive System Produces, Stores, and Delivers Sperm 504
I WONDER... Why Are Circumcisions Performed? 510
18.3 The Female Reproductive System Produces and Nourishes Eggs 514
I WONDER... Can PMS Really Cause Mood Swings and Emotional Outbursts? 521
18.4 There Are Many Birth Control Choices 524
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Hormonal Controls: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 527
ETHICS AND ISSUES: RU–486: A Chemical Abortion Fraught with Issues 528
18.5 Sexual Contact Carries a Danger: Sexually Transmitted Diseases 531
19 Pregnancy: Development from Conception to Newborn 538
19.1 Days 1 Through 14 Include Fertilization and Implantation 540
I WONDER... What Causes Twins, and How Do They Contribute to the Study of Epigenetics? 546
19.2 The Embryonic Stage Is Marked by Differentiation and Morphogenesis 547
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Is Morning Sickness Normal? 550
19.3 Fetal Development Is a Stage of Rapid Organ Growth 553
19.4 Labor Initiates the End of Pregnancy 559
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Prematurity How Young Is Too Young? 561
ETHICS AND ISSUES: How Do We Respond to Intersexuality? 563
20 Inheritance, Genetics, and Molecular Biology 570
20.1 Traits Are Inherited in Specific Patterns 572
20.2 Modern Genetics Uncovers a Molecular Picture 578
20.3 The Central Dogma: Genes Direct the Formation of Proteins 582
20.4 Genetic Theory Is Put to Practical Use 585
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Individualized Medicine?! 588
I WONDER... Can We Create Super–Babies? 590
20.5 Biotechnology Has Far–Reaching Effects 591
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Are Genetically Modified Foods Safe for the Environment? Are They Healthy to Eat? 597
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Can Your Genetic Information Be Used Against You? 602
21 Populations Evolve in Ecosystems 608
21.1 The Theory of Evolution Is the Foundation of Biology 610
21.2 Natural Selection Has Far–Reaching Effects on Populations 614
I WONDER... How Can Darwin s Theory Account for Sudden Evolutionary Changes? 616
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND DISEASE: Does Climate Affect Evolutionary Rate? 617
21.3 Ecosystems Sustain Life 618
21.4 Population Growth Is Regulated by the Environment 634
I WONDER... How Many People Can the Earth Support? 636
21.5 Humans Have a Tremendous Impact on the Environment 636
WHAT A SCIENTIST SEES: Solid Reasons to Recycle 637
ETHICS AND ISSUES: Which Worldview Do You Have? 640
Appendix A: Periodic Table 646
B: Measurements 647
C: Answers to Self–Tests 649
Glossary 651
Index 657