Springer Handbook of Medical Technology (eBook)

Dipl. Ing. Rüdiger Kramme is visiting lecturer of medical technology at the University of Applied Sciences in Giessen, Germany. He has a longstanding relation with medical technology industry and is professionally working at the planning and projecting of university hospitals.Prof. Hoffmann is leader of the Department Medical Technology and Neuroprothetics at the Fraunhofer Institute of Biomedical Technology in St.Ingbert, Germany.Prof Robert Pozos is Professor of Biology at the College of Sciences, San Diego State University, CA, USA.

Part A: Medical Technology BasicsPart A covers the basic concepts of using medical technology for clinical applications. It focuses on its role and significance as well as safety aspects and quality management, and addresses questions of usability. Economic, ethical, and social issues are discussed in detail. Ethical reflections on the relationship between medicine and technology are presented, including also the question of hygiene to protect employees as well as patients in this context.Chap.1. Technology in MedicineChap.2. Medicine Is More Than Applied Technology for Human BeingsChap.3. Hygiene in Medical TechnologyChap.4. Technical Safety of Electrical Medical Technology Equipment and SystemsChap.5. Quality Management in Medical TechnologyChap.6. Usability of Medical DevicesPart B: Functional Diagnostics DevicesFunctional diagnostics devices are used to display the patient’s status using objective methods. Physicians use many different biosignals to reach a differential diagnosis or control a therapy. Part B presents the different methods and devices used, especially in the fields of cardiology, audiology, neurology, ophthalmology, and pulmonology. The chapters deal with the corresponding methods, devices, and their applications in clinical practice. Basic cardiology diagnostics can determine cardiac electrical action potentials at rest and under stress to assess heart functions. Through pulmonary function tests the functionality of the lungs can be measured. Methods in clinical neurophysiology as enable the physician to evaluate the function of the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as the muscular system. To check the human auditory system, pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, impedance audiometry, and evoked potentials are used. This part also covers themajor ophthalmologic techniques, including evaluation techniques for the refractive part of the eye, methods to evaluate the optical nerve, imaging of the retina, and measurement of intraocular pressure. It concludes with functional force assessment of skeletal muscles.Chap.7. Basic Diagnostics in CardiologyChap.8. Pulmonary Function TestingChap.9. Devices and Methods in Clinical NeurophysiologyChap.10. Sleep Diagnostic SystemsChap.11. NystagmographyChap.12. AudiometryChap.13. Measurement Techniques in OphtalmologyChap.14. Functional Force Assessment of skeletal MusclesPart C: Medical ImagingThe chapters in Part C present medical imaging as a technique and process used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes. Theoretical, clinical, and scientific knowledge about the different imaging methods and their applications are explained. In Chap. 15, digital radiography in general is discussed,while computed tomography is presented with a focus on the generation and detection of x-rays as well as image reconstruction in Chap. 16, followed by chapters on interventional radiology procedures such as digital subtraction angiography and cone-beam computed tomography, including navigation. Further chapters are devoted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging, and MR guided interventions and surgery. MRI components, basic principles, materials, contrast agents, and applications as well as safety aspects are also discussed. The use of infrared radiation for imaging variations in skin temperature related to local metabolic differences is also included. Finally, endoscopy and ultrasound diagnosticsare presented.Chap.15. Digital RadiographyChap.16. Computed TomographyChap.17. Ultrasound DiagnosticsChap.18. Medical Infrared ImagingChap.19. EndoscopyChap.20. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and NavigationChap.21. Interventional Radiology - AngiographyChap.22. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)Chap.23. Magnetic Resonance ImagingChap.24. Magnetic Particle ImagingChap.25. MR-Guided Interventions and SurgeryChap.26. Devices and Materials in MRIPart D: Therapeutic DevicesPart D consists of chapters describing real therapeutic devices, and chapters which give an overview of different systems for rehabilitation. The chapters present therapeutic devices including long-term ventilators for intensive therapy, inhalation anesthesia devices, extra corporeal blood purification systems, and heartlung machines as well as medical radiation therapy, including its planning and treatment. Additionally, defibrillators and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) systems, laser systems, mechanical circulator support systems as well as the application of shockwaves and pressure pulses are highlighted. The chapters on rehabilitation give an overview of various systems related to the theoretical and applied knowledge of functional electrical stimulation in rehabilitation as well as neural interfaces for implanted stimulators. A short summary of neuoprosthetics and implantable microsystems is also included. Additionally, examples of commercially available devices and systems are illustrated. Cardiac devices, cardiac pacemaker systems, and testing devices including those for biological factors are discussed. Different visual prostheses are presented, together with a concluding chapter on rehabilitation and therapeutic robotics.Chap.27. Long-Term Ventilators for Intensive TherapyChap.28. Defibrillators and ICD SystemsChap.29. Laser SystemsChap.30. Inhalational Anesthesia DevicesChap.31. Extracorporeal Blood Purification SystemsChap.32. Heart-Lung MachinesChap.33. Application of Shock Waves and Pressure Pulses in MedicineChap.34. High-Frequency SurgeryChap.35. Medical Radiation TherapyChap.36. Medical Circulatory Support SystemsChap.37. Neural Interfaces for Implanted StimulatorsChap.38. Cardiac Pacemaker SystemsChap.39. Introduction to NeuroprostheticsChap.40. Implantable MicrosystemsChap.41. Visual ProsthesesChap.42. Rehabilitation and Therapeutic RoboticsChap.43. Cardiac Devices and TestingChap.44. Functional Electrical Stimulation in Rehabilitation and NeurorehabilitationChap.45. Treatment Planning and Patient TreatmentPart E: MonitoringThe chapters in Part E outline different monitoring methods. First, the scientificand theoretical foundations of recording and processing of biosignals as well as the different monitoring systems are treated. The topics addressed include theories, methods, and applications of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, cerebral, fetal, and neonatal monitoring systems. The basic principles, sensors, and devices are described. One chapter is devoted to each of these topics. This part concludes with chapters on intraoperative neuromonitoring and ionic neural sensing.Chap.46. Recording and Processing of BiosignalsChap.47. Monitoring SystemsChap.48. Cardiovascular MonitoringChap.49. Respiratory Monitoring and Pulse OximetryChap.50. Temperature MonitoringChap.51. Cerebral MonitoringChap.52. Brain Computer InterfaceChap.53. Fetal MonitoringChap.54. Neonatal MonitoringChap.55. Intraoperative NeuromonitoringChap.56. Ionic Neural SensingPart F: Medical Information Processing and CommunicationPart F covers a wide range of different medical information processing and communication systems, including telemedicine. The first chapter provides basic knowledge by concentrating on the fusion of medical engineering and information. Standards for interfaces, data structures, and their integration into medical devices are discussed. Communicating medical systems, networks, hospital information systems, radiology information systems, and picture archiving and communication systems are outlined, as they form the backbone of modern hospitals. Chapters are also devoted to the fundamentals of medical image processing, three-dimensional (3-D) postprocessing, virtual reality, as well as computer-supported teaching and learning systems. As an example for computer modeling in medicine, electrical stimulation of the nervous system is explained. An overview of telemedicine in Germany, e-health systems, and telemedicine using active implantes completes this part.Chap.57. Fusing Medical Engineering and Information TechnologyChap.58. Communication Medical Systems and NetworksChap.59. Hospital Information SystemsChap.60. Telemedicine in GermanyChap.61. Telemedicine Using Active ImplantsChap.62. Fundamentals of Medical Image ProcessingChap.63. Virtual Reality in MedicineChap.64. Computer-Supported Teaching and Learning Systems in MedicineChap.65. PACS and RISChap.66. 3-D Postprocessing in Virtual EndoscopyChap.67. e-Health - Ambiant Assisted Living and Personal Health SystemsChap.68. Electrical Stimulation of the Nervous SystemPart G: Equipment and ToolsThe last part of the Handbook is concerned with different innovative types of equipment and tools for medical use. It starts with a description of operating tables as the surgeon’s workplace, and surgical scissors. Technical aspects of medical robotics and its clinical application follow. Incubators are presented as devices to stabilize and maintain the thermal balance of premature and newborn babies. Tools such as intelligent textiles and electronics in medicine are discussed.Chap.69. Operating TablesChap.70. Medical RoboticsChap.71. IncubatorsChap.72. Surgical ScissorsChap.73. Intelligent Textiles and TrendsChap.74. Electronics in MedicineAppendix.- About the Authors.- Subject Index