Functional Metal Oxide Nanostructures (eBook)

Preface1.  New Opportunities on Phase Transitions of Correlated Electron Nanostructures1.1.  Introduction1.2.  Electrical and Structural Transitions in VO21.3.  Experimental Methods1.4.  Results and Discussions1.4.1.  Phase Inhomogeneity and Domain Organization1.4.2.  Domain Dynamics and Manipulation1.4.3.  Investigation of Phase Transition at the Single Domain Level1.4.4.  Superelasticity in Phase Transition1.4.5.  New Phase Stabilization with Strain1.4.6.  Thermoelectric Across the Metal-Insulator Domain Walls1.5.     Conclusions2.  Controlling the Conductivity in Oxide Semiconductors2.1.  Introduction2.2.  Formalism and Computational Approach2.3.  Results and Discussion2.3.1.  ZnO2.3.2.  SnO22.3.3.  TiO22.4.  Concluding Remarks3.  The Role of Defects in Functional Oxide Nanostructures3.1.  Introduction3.2.  Defects in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.2.1.  Defect Structures in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.2.2.  Imaging Defects in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.2.3.  Stability of Intrinsic Point Defects in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.3.  Electrical Response3.3.1.  Point Defects and Charge Carriers3.3.2.  Defects and P-Type Conductivity3.3.3.  Defects and Conduction Mechanisms3.3.4.  Plasmon Response in Defect-Rich Oxide Nanostructures3.4.  Optical Response3.4.1.  Photoluminescence from Point Defects in Oxide Nanostructures3.4.2.  Raman Studies on Oxide Nanostructures3.4.3.  Magneto-Optical Properties of Oxide Nanostructures3.5.  Magnetic Response3.5.1.  Magnetism in Metal Oxide Nanoparticles3.5.2.  Ferromagnetism in Defect-Rich Semiconducting Metal Oxides3.5.3.  Spin Polarization in Defect-Rich Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.5.4.  Mechanisms for Magnetism in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.6.  Defect Engineering in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.7.  Conclusions4.  Emergent Metal-Insulator Transitions Associated with Electronic Inhomogeneities in Low-Dimensional Complex Oxides4.1.  Introduction4.2.  Experimental Approach4.2.1.  Fabrication of Spatially Confined Oxide Nanostructures4.2.2.  Cryogenic Four-Probe STM4.3.  Results and Discussion4.3.1.  Percolative Mott Transition in Sr3(Ru1-xMnx)2O74.3.2.  Confinement Effects and Tunable Emergent Behavior in La5/8-xPrxCa3/8MnO34.4.  Conclusion5.  Optical Properties of Nanoscale Transition Metal Oxides5.1.  Physical, Chemical and Size-Shape Tunability in Transition Metal Oxides5.2.  Optical Spectroscopy as a Probe of Complex Oxides5.3.  Quantitative Models5.3.1.  Confinement Models5.3.2.  Descriptions of Inhomogeneous Media5.3.3.  Inhomogeneous Media and Surface Plasmons5.3.4.  Charge and Bonding Models5.4.  Charge-Structure-Function Relationships in Model Nanoscale Materials5.4.1.  Mott Transition in VO2 Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopy5.4.2.  Visualizing Charge and Orbitally Ordered Domains in La1/2Sr3/2MnO45.4.3.  Discovery of Bound Carrier Excitation in Metal Exchanged Vanadium Oxide Nanoscrolls and Size Dependence of the Equatorial Stretching Modes5.4.4.  Classic Test Cases: Quantum Size Effects in ZnO and TiO25.4.5.  Optical Properties of Polar Oxide Thin Films and Nanoparticles5.4.6.  Spectroscopic Determination of H2 Binding Sites and Energies in Metal-Organic Framework Materials5.5.  Summary and Outlook6.  Electronic Properties of Post-Transition Metal Oxide Semiconductor Surfaces6.1.  Introduction6.2.  Surface Space-Charge Properties6.2.1.  ZnO6.2.2.  Ga2O36.2.3.  CdO6.2.4.  In2O36.2.5.  SnO26.3.  Bulk Band Structure Origin of Electron Accumulation Propensity6.4.  Conclusion7.  In Search of a Truly Two-Dimensional Metallic Oxide7.1.  Introduction7.2.  Methodology7.3.  Results and Discussion8.  Solution Phase Approach to TiO2 Nanostructures8.1.  Introduction8.2.  Approaches8.2.1.  Porous Architectures Through Templated Self Assembly8.2.2.  1-D Structures from Anodization8.2.3.  Imprinting and Molding8.2.4.  Templated Electrochemical Sythesis8.2.5.  Single Crystalline 1-D Structures by Solution Phase Hydrothermal Growth8.3.  Conclusion9.  Oxide-Based Photonic Crystals from Biological Templates9.1.  Introduction9.2.  Engineered Photonic Crystals9.2.1.  Characteristics of Photonic Band Structure Materials9.2.2.  Photonic Crystals Operating in the Infrared9.2.3.  Photonic Crystals Operating at Visible Frequencies9.3.  Natural Photonic Crystals9.3.1.  Structural Colors in Biology9.3.2.  Structure Evaluation Methods9.3.3.  Examples of Biological Photonic Structures9.4.  Bio-Templated Photonic Crystals9.4.1.  General Considerations9.4.2.  Biotemplating Techniques9.4.2.1.  Deposition and Evaporation Methods9.4.2.2.  Sol-Gel Chemistry Methods9.4.3.  Biotemplated Bandgap Crystals9.5.  Conclusions10.  Low-Dimensionality and Epitaxial Stabilization in Metal Supported Oxide Nanostructures: MnxOy on Pd(100)10.1.  Introduction10.2.  Growth of MnxOy­ Layers on Pd(100)10.2.1.  Low Coverage Regime10.2.1.1.  MnO(111)-like Phases (Oxygen-Rich Regime)10.2.1.2.  MnO(100)-like Phases (Intermediate Oxygen Regime)10.2.1.3.  The Reduced Phases (Oxygen-Poor Regime)10.2.2.  High Coverage Regime10.2.2.1.  Formation of Mn3O4 on MnO(001)10.2.2.2.  Epitaxial Stabilization of MnO(111) Overlayers11.  One Dimensional Oxygen-Deficient Metal Oxides11.1.  Introduction11.2.  Oxygen-Deficient 1D-Nano-Ceo2-x and its Applications in the WGS Reaction11.2.1.  Crystal Structure of Cubic-Ceria11.2.2.  Backround of the WGS Reaction11.2.3.  Synthesis of 1D-Ceria11.2.4.  Testing 1D-Ceria for the WGS Reaction11.3.  Sub-Stoichiometric Magnéli Phases 1D-TinO2n-111.4.  Sub-Stoichiometric Chromium Oxide Nanobelts with Modulation Structures11.5.  Summaries12.  Oxide Nanostructures for Energy Storage12.1.  Introduction12.2.  Nano Oxides for Li-Ion Batteries12.2.1.  Spinel LiMn2O412.2.2.  Manganese Dioxide12.2.3.  Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5)12.2.4.  Titanium Oxide12.2.5.  Metal Oxides with Displacement Mechanism12.2.6.  Nano-Oxide Coatings12.3.  Nano Oxide for Electrochemical Capacitors12.3.1.  Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2)12.3.2.  Manganese Oxide (MnO2)12.3.3.  Other Metal Oxides12.3.4.  Hierarchical Metal Oxide-Carbon Composites12.4.  Summary13.  Metal Oxide Resistive Switching Memory13.1.  Introduction13.1.1.  Device Operation13.1.2.  Device Characteristics13.2.  Possible Physical Mechanism for Resistive Switching13.2.1.  Conduction Mechanism13.2.2.  Electroforming/Set/Reset Process with Oxygen Migration13.2.3.  The Effect of Electrode Materials on Switching Modes13.2.4.  Summary of the Physical Mechanism for Resistive Switching in Metal Oxide Memory13.3.  Performances of Metal Oxide Memory Devices13.4.  Cell Structure of Metal Oxide Memory Arrays13.5.  Summary14.  Nano Metal Oxides for Li-Ion Batteries14.1.  Classification of Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries14.2.  Advantage & Disadvantage of Nano-Electrode Materials14.3.  Nano Metal Oxide Anode Materials14.3.1.  Intercalation Metal Oxides14.3.2.  Conversion Metal Oxide Materials14.3.3.  Displacement Metal Oxide Materials14.3.3.1.  Tin Dioxides Based Anode Materials14.4.  Nano Metal Oxide Cathode Materials14.4.1.  Nanoscale Cathode Materials14.4.2.  Nanostructured Cathode Materials14.5.  Nano Metal Oxides in Electrolyte14.6.  Conclusion and Outlook