Minerals as Advanced Materials II (eBook)

Minerals as Advanced Materials II 3
Foreword 5
Contents 7
From Minerals to Materials 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Minerals as Materials 14
References 21
Where Are New Minerals Hiding? The Main Features of Rare Mineral Localization Within Alkaline Massifs 24
1 Introduction 24
2 Kola Alkaline Province 25
3 The Khibiny Massif 27
4 The Kovdor Deposit of Magnetite, Apatite and Baddeleyite 30
5 Conclusion 34
References 35
Gas Release from Minerals 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Analytical Technique 37
3 Results 39
3.1 Garnet 39
3.2 Cordierite 40
3.3 Haematite 42
3.4 Boracite 43
3.5 Charoite 45
4 Conclusions 46
References 47
The Principle of Duality in Isomorphism and Its Use in the Systematics of Minerals with Zeolite-Like Structures 48
References 50
``Ab-Initio´´ Structure Solution of Nano-Crystalline Minerals and Synthetic Materials by Automated Electron Tomogra 51
1 Introduction 51
2 Experimental 54
3 Results and Discussion 55
3.1 Porous Material: Natrolite (Na2Al2Si3O102H2O) 55
3.2 Layered Material: Sodium Titanate (Na2Ti6O13) 58
3.3 About Completeness of Data 60
4 Conclusions 61
References 62
Charoite, as an Example of a Structure with Natural Nanotubes 65
References 69
Hydrothermal Alteration of Basalt by Seawater and Formation of Secondary Minerals - An Electron Microprobe Study 71
1 Introduction 71
2 Experimental and Analytical Methodology 73
3 Alteration Phenomena of Basaltic Glass 75
3.1 Alteration of Glass Fragments as Function of Run Duration.. 75
3.2 Alteration of Glass Fragments as Function of Temperature 76
3.3 Alteration of Glass Fragments as Function of Pressure 77
3.4 Alteration of Glass Fragments as Function of the Water-to-Rock Ratio 80
4 Formation of Secondary Minerals 83
5 Concluding Remarks 87
References 87
Sorbents from Mineral Raw Materials 90
References 95
Natural Double Layered Hydroxides: Structure, Chemistry, and Information Storage Capacity 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Natural LDHs: Structure and Chemistry 98
3 Cation Ordering in Natural Mg2Al LDHs: Recent Results 102
4 Discussion 109
References 109
Fixation of Chromate in Layered Double Hydroxides of the TCAH Type and Some Complex Application Mixtures 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Experimental 114
3 Results 116
4 Discussion 122
References 123
Crystal Chemistry of Lamellar Calcium Aluminate Sulfonate Hydrates: Fixation of Aromatic Sulfonic Acid Anions 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Experimental 124
2.1 Synthesis 124
2.2 Instruments 126
3 Results 127
3.1 Calcium Aluminate p-Toluenesulfonate Hydrate [Ca2Al(OH)6]+[C7H7SO3nH2O]- 127
3.2 Calcium Aluminate Xylenesulfonate Hydrate [Ca2Al(OH)6]+[C8H9SO3nH2O]- 130
3.3 Calcium Aluminate Mesitylenesulfonate Hydrate [Ca2Al(OH)6]+[C9H11SO3nH2O]- 134
4 Discussion 138
References 139
Use of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) of the Hydrotalcite Group as Reservoir Minerals for Nitrate in Soils - Examinatio 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Layered Double Hydroxides of the Hydrotalcite Group 141
3 Formation and Stability of Natural and Synthetic LDH of the Hydrotalcite Group 142
4 Dissolution of LDH Under Soil Conditions 143
5 Experimental 144
6 Influence of Soil Parameters on the LDH Stability 145
7 Influence of the LDH Chemistry on the Stability Under Soil Conditions 146
8 Influence of the LDH Crystallinity on the Stability Under Soil Conditions 149
9 Influence of Technological Properties on the Stability of the LDH in the Soil 150
10 Discussion 152
References 153
Nanocrystalline Layered Titanates Synthesized by the Fluoride Route: Perspective Matrices for Removal of Environmental Polluta 155
References 159
Minerals as Materials - Silicate Sheets Based on Mixed Rings as Modules to Build Heteropolyhedral Microporous Frameworks 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Synthesis 162
3 Rhodesite Series 163
4 Sazhinite-Related Structures 165
References 168
Cs-Exchanged Cuprosklodowskite 171
References 174
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Cation Exchange and Dehydration of Microporous Zirconium and Titanium Silicates 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Kinetics of Cation-Exchange Reactions of Terskite 176
3 Kinetics of Ion-Exchange Reactions of Different Zr- and Ti-silicates with Cs+ 178
4 Kinetics and Mechanism of Elpidite Dehydration 181
5 Cation Exchange in Hilairite: Dependence of Crystal Chemical Mechanism on Type of Cation 181
References 187
K- and Rb-Exchanged Forms of Hilairite: Evolution of Crystal-Chemical Characteristics with the Increase of Ion Exchange Temper 188
References 191
Comparison of Structural Changes upon Heating of Zorite and Na-ETS-4 by In Situ Synchrotron Powder Diffraction 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Experimental 195
3 Results 196
References 202
Crystal Chemistry of Ion-Exchanged Forms of Zorite, a Natural Analogue of the ETS-4 Titanosilicate Material 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Experimental 205
3 Discussion 206
References 208
Ivanyukite-Group Minerals: Crystal Structure and Cation-Exchange Properties 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Experimental 211
3 Crystal Structure 211
4 Perspectives 215
References 216
Delhayelite and Mountainite Mineral Families: Crystal Chemical Relationship, Microporous Character and Genetic Features 217
References 222
Delhayelite: Ion Leaching and Ion Exchange 224
References 230
Microporous Titanosilicates of the Lintisite-Kukisvumite Group and Their Transformation in Acidic Solutions 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Crystal Structure 234
3 Cation-Exchange Experiments 235
4 Discussion 240
References 240
Microporous Vanadylphosphates - Perspective Materials for Technological Applications 242
1 Introduction 242
2 The Sodium Vanadyl(IV) Fluorophosphate, Na3(V2O2F(PO4))2 - Positive Electrode Material for Li-ion and Na-ion Energy Storage Devices 244
3 The Titanium Vanadyl(V) Phosphates, Cs2(Ti(VO2)3(PO4)3) and Rb2(Ti(VO2)3(PO4)3) - Microporous Phases with Intercrossing Channels 247
4 The Microporous Copper Vanadyl(V) Phosphate, Rb2(Cu(VO2)2(PO4)2) with Rb Atoms in Intersecting Channels 252
References 255
Thermal Expansion of Aluminoborates 257
1 Introduction 257
2 Sample Description 258
3 X-ray Diffraction Methods 258
4 Results and Discussion 260
4.1 Thermal Evolution of Al5BO9 260
4.2 Thermal Evolution of Al4B2O9 264
4.3 Thermal Evolution of Grandidierite (Mg, Fe2+)Al3BSiO9 265
4.4 Thermal Evolution of Jeremejevite Al6B5O15(F,OH)3 267
5 Discussion 268
References 269
High-Temperature Crystal Chemistry of Cs- and Sr-Borosilicates 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Cs2O-B2O3-SiO2 System 271
3 SrO-B2O3-SiO2 System 275
4 Conclusions 278
References 278
Iron-Manganese Phosphates with the Olivine - and Alluaudite-Type Structures: Crystal Chemistry and Applications 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Olivine-Type Phosphates 281
3 Alluaudite-Type Phosphates 286
References 289
Crystal Structure of Murataite Mu-5, a Member of the Murataite-Pyrochlore Polysomatic Series 293
1 Introduction 293
2 Experiment 296
3 Results and Discussion 298
References 303
Lattice Distortion Upon Compression in Orthorhombic Perovskites: Review and Development of a Predictive Tool 305
1 Introduction 305
2 Cell Distortion Factor 306
3 Review of Orthorhombic Perovskites Under Pressure 308
4 Pressure Evolution Trends 311
5 Conclusions 314
References 316
Natural and Synthetic Layered Pb(II) Oxyhalides 319
1 Introduction 319
2 General Aspects on the Crystal Chemistry of Layered Lead Oxyhalides 320
3 Structural Chemistry of Complex Lead Oxyhalides 323
References 331
Tetradymite-Type Tellurides and Related Compounds: Real-Structure Effects and Thermoelectric Properties 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Structural Chemistry of Layered Pnicogen Tellurides 334
2.1 Stable Phases 334
2.2 Metastable Phases 336
3 Challenges for Structure Determination 337
4 Thermoelectric Properties 338
5 Geo-Inspired Thermoelectrics? 339
References 340
Rare-Earth Metal(III) Fluoride Oxosilicates Derivatized with Alkali or Alkaline-Earth Elements 341
1 Introduction 341
2 Alkali-Metal Rare-Earth Metal(III) Fluoride Oxosilicates 342
3 Alkaline-Earth Metal Rare-Earth Metal(III) Fluoride Oxosilicates 348
References 351
Geo-Inspired Phosphors Based on Rare-Earth Metal(III) Fluorides with Complex Oxoanions: I. Fluoride Oxocarbonates and Oxosili 352
1 Introduction 352
2 From Bastnaesite-Type Fluoride Oxocarbonates to Rare-Earth Metal(III) Oxide Fluorides 353
3 From Rare-Earth Metal(III) Oxide Fluorides to Fluoride Oxosilicates 356
4 Bastnaesite-Related La3F3[Si3O9] 356
5 Thalenite-Type Y3F[Si3O10] 358
6 Two Different Oxosilicate Anions in Y4F2[Si2O7][SiO4] 360
7 Mixed-Valent Apatite-Type (EuII)2(EuIII)3F[SiO4]3 361
References 364
REECa4O(BO3)3 (REECOB): New Material for High-Temperature 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Materials and Methods 367
2.1 Crystal Growth 367
2.2 Thermal Expansion 368
3 Discussion 368
4 Conclusion 371
References 372
``Shock Wave´´ Synthesis of Oxygen-Bearing Spinel-Type Silicon Nitride gamma-Si3(O,N)< Subsc
1 Introduction 373
2 Shock Wave Method and Loading Conditions 375
3 Starting Materials 376
4 Sample Analysis 377
5 Precursor Characterization 377
6 Influence of p-T-Conditions 378
7 Sample Characterisation After Shock Loading 378
7.1 FE-SEM 378
7.2 X-ray-Diffraction (XRD) 380
7.3 FT-IR-Spectroscopy 381
7.4 NMR-Spectroscopy 381
8 Discussion 383
9 Conclusions 385
References 385
Decomposition of Aluminosilicates and Accumulation of Aluminum by Microorganisms on Fumarole Fields of Tolbachik Volcano (Kamc 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Description of Bauxite (Protobauxite) Sediments 388
3 Experimental 389
4 Results and Discussion 390
4.1 High-Temperature Investigations 390
4.2 The Dynamic of Recent Bauxite Formation 393
4.3 Microbiological Investigations 394
5 Conclusions 396
References 396
Biogenic Crystal Genesis on a Carbonate Rock Monument Surface: The Main Factors and Mechanisms, the Development of Nanotechnol 398
1 Introduction 398
2 Materials and Methods 400
3 Results and Discussion 402
3.1 Biogenic Crystal Genesis on the Surface of Carbonate Rock 402
3.1.1 Calcium Oxalate Crystallization 402
3.1.2 Gypsum Crystallization 404
3.2 Inorganic-Organic Coatings for Carbonate Rock Monument Protection 407
4 Conclusion 408
References 409
Formation and Stability of Calcium Oxalates, the Main Crystalline Phases of Kidney Stones 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Experimental 412
3 Conditions of Calcium Oxalates Genesis 413
4 Weddellite Stabilizing Factors 414
5 Structural Water in Weddellite 416
6 Conclusions 419
References 419
Index 421