Progress in Botany Vol. 73 (eBook)

Progress in Botany 73 3
Contents 5
Contributors 7
Part I: Review 11
A Half-Century Adventure in the Dynamics of Living Systems 12
1 What is Life? 14
2 Methods and Methodological Improvements 14
2.1 Radioactive and Stable Tracers, the NCR and SIMS Techniques 14
2.2 Ionic Interactions, Ionic Condensation, Microelectrodes 16
2.3 Practical Applications 16
3 Enzyme-catalysed Reactions Under Non-classical conditions 18
3.1 Brief Reminder of Classical Enzyme Kinetics 18
3.2 Non-usual Cases of Enzyme Kinetics 19
3.3 Functioning-Dependent Structures 20
4 Fluxes of Solutes Exchanged by Biological Systems 23
4.1 Fluxes of Solutes Between Macroscopic Aqueous Compartments 23
4.1.1 Fluxes of Solutes Through an Enzyme-Grafted Gel Slab 23
4.1.2 Fluxes of Solutes Through an Isolated Frog Skin 24
Ussing´s Flux-Ratio Equation 24
Lithium-Induced Electric Oscillations 25
4.2 Transport of Solutes by Plant Cells 26
4.2.1 Conventional Formulation of Cell Transport 26
4.2.2 Flow/Force Formulation of Cell Transports 27
Principle of the Flow/Force Formulation 27
Arrhenius Plot: Significance of a Variation of Conductance 28
Active Versus Passive Transports: Use of the Flux-Ratio Equation 28
Active Versus Passive Transports: Use of the Symmetry-Criterion 30
4.2.3 Examples of Application of the Flow/Force Formulation 31
5 Plant Sensitivity to Stimuli 33
5.1 Immediate and Local Responses in Separated Tissues or Cells 34
5.1.1 Ageing of Foliar Discs 34
5.1.2 Gas-Shock in Suspension Cultures of Acer Cells 34
5.2 Migration, Storage and Recall of Information in Entire Plants 35
5.2.1 Inhibition of Hypocotyl Elongation in Bidens Seedlings 35
5.2.2 Breaking the Symmetry of Bud Growth in Bidens Seedlings 36
Asymmetry-Index, g, of a Set of Bidens Seedlings 36
STO and RCL Functions in the Control of Bud Growth 37
Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Bud Growth 39
5.2.3 Induction of Meristems in the Hypocotyl of Flax Seedlings 40
6 Reflection and Speculations 42
6.1 Methodological and Conceptual Implications 42
6.1.1 Use of Stable Versus Radioactive Isotopes 42
6.1.2 Molecular and Macroscopic Parameters of Cell Transport 42
6.1.3 Increasing Instead of Decreasing a System Complexity 43
6.2 Physiological Considerations 43
6.2.1 Biological Processes in Organised Media 43
6.2.2 Protein/Protein Interactions and Regulatory Properties 44
6.2.3 Lithium-Sensitive Responses to Wounds and Stresses 45
6.2.4 Memorization of Information in Plants 45
7 Back to the Initial Question About Life 47
Appendix 51
References 60
Part II: Genetics 63
To Divide and to Rule Regulating Cell Division in Roots During Post-embryonic Growth64
1 Introduction 65
2 The Cell Cycle in Roots and the Core Components 65
3 Size Control of the Proximal Root Apical Meristem and the Mitotic Cell Cycle 70
4 Maintaining the Stem Cell Population in the Distal Meristem and the Procambium CLE Loops72
4.1 Post-embryonic Formative Divisions in the RAM 74
4.2 Environmental Signaling in the Root Apex via Redox Homeostasis 75
5 Cell Proliferation Outside the Root Apex: Reactivation of the Pericycle 78
6 Conclusion and Perspective 79
References 79
Metabolic Engineering of Cyanobacteria for Direct Conversion of CO2 to Hydrocarbon Biofuels 88
1 Introduction 89
2 Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cyanobacteria 90
3 Biosynthesis of Hydrocarbons 92
3.1 Alkanes 92
3.2 Isoprenoids 94
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 97
References 98
Part III: Physiology 101
Interaction Between Salinity and Elevated CO2: A Physiological Approach 102
1 A Brief Introduction 103
2 Background Up to 1999 103
3 Water and Ionic Relations 104
4 Photosynthetic Metabolism and Growth Parameters 116
5 Salt-Tolerance Mechanisms 123
6 Final Conclusions 128
References 129
Mechanisms of Cd Hyperaccumulation and Detoxification in Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulators: How Plants Cope with Cd 132
1 Introduction 134
2 Cd Accumulation in Hyperaccumulators 135
2.1 Rhizosphere Mobilization and Root Uptake 135
2.1.1 Rhizospheric and Microbial Mobilization 138
2.1.2 Root Foraging 138
2.1.3 Cd Uptake from Soil to Roots 138
2.2 Cd Translocation from Roots to Shoots in Hyperaccumulators 139
2.2.1 Xylem Loading of Cd Translocation 140
2.2.2 Metal Transporters in Hyperaccumulators 140
P1B-ATPase Family 142
ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Family 143
CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator) Family 143
ZIP (ZRT1/IRT1-Like Protein) Family 143
Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein 144
Cation/H+ Exchangers 144
2.3 Cd Accumulation in Shoots 145
3 Cd Detoxification 146
3.1 Complexation of Cd by Ligands 146
3.1.1 Phytochelatins 146
3.1.2 Glutathione 146
3.1.3 Other Ligands 147
3.2 Antioxidant Defense 147
3.3 Cell Wall Binding and Vacuole Sequestration 148
4 Evolution of Cd Hyperaccumulation 149
4.1 Elemental Defense 150
4.2 A Biological or Physiological Role of Cd? 151
5 Future Perspectives 154
References 156
Long-Distance Transport and Plant Internal Cycling of N- and S-Compounds 165
1 Introduction 166
2 Phloem Transport 168
2.1 Sulfur Compounds 168
2.2 Nitrogen Compounds 171
3 Xylem Transport 173
3.1 Sulfur Compounds 173
3.2 Nitrogen Compounds 175
4 Phloem/Xylem Exchange and Cycling 176
4.1 Sulfur Compounds 177
4.2 Nitrogen Compounds 181
5 Conclusion 183
References 185
Blue-Light-Activated Chloroplast Movements: Progress in the Last Decade 193
1 Historical Perspective: Blue Light Syndrome and the Identity of Photoreceptors 194
2 Identification of Photoreceptors 195
2.1 From nph to Phototropin 1 196
2.2 Phototropin 2, the Key Photoreceptor in Chloroplast Movements 196
2.3 Involvement of Phytochrome B 197
3 The Actin Cytoskeleton: Tracks or More? 198
3.1 Actin Tracks and Baskets 198
3.2 Short Actin Filaments 199
3.3 Discovery of CHUP1 200
4 Myosin or Kinesin-Based Mechanism? 201
4.1 Blue-Light-Induced Relocation of Myosin(s) at the Chloroplast Surface 201
4.2 Kinesin-Like Proteins 202
5 Signaling in Chloroplast Movements 202
6 Physiological Significance of the Movements Corroborated 204
7 Questions to Be Resolved 205
References 207
Role of Chloroplast Thylakoid Lumen in Photosynthetic Regulation and Plant Cell Signaling 210
1 Introduction 211
2 Photosynthetic Apparatus: Structure, Function, and Regulation 212
3 Thylakoid Lumenal Proteins: Classification and Role in Photosynthetic Regulation 214
3.1 Plastocyanin 217
3.2 Oxygen-Evolving Complex-Associated Proteins 217
3.3 PsbP-Like Proteins 219
3.4 PsbQ-Like Proteins 219
3.5 Violaxanthin De-epoxidase 220
3.6 High Chlorophyll Fluorescence Proteins 220
3.7 Immunophilins 221
3.8 Proteases 222
3.9 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase 3 223
3.10 Peroxiredoxins 224
3.11 Unclassified Proteins 224
4 Role of Thylakoid Lumen in Plant Cell Signaling 224
4.1 Redox Signaling 225
4.2 GTP Signaling 225
4.3 Ca2+ Signaling 226
4.4 Protein Phosphorylation 227
5 Concluding Remarks 227
References 228
Connecting Environmental Stimuli and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Expression: Phytohormones and Other Signaling Molecules 234
1 Introduction 235
1.1 Multiple Origins of CAM 235
1.2 Biochemical Aspects of the CAM Pathway 236
2 CAM Physiotypes and Plasticity 237
3 Signaling Transduction and CAM Regulation 238
3.1 Signaling Events During CAM Modulation by Water Availability 239
3.2 Signaling Events During CAM Modulation by Salinity 246
3.3 Signaling Events During CAM Modulation by Light 248
3.4 Signaling Events During CAM Modulation by Temperature 250
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 251
References 253
Part IV: Systematics 259
Systematics of the Green Algae: A Brief Introduction to the Current Status 260
1 Introduction 261
2 Prasinophyte Green Algae 264
3 Trebouxiophyceae 265
4 Chlorophyceae 268
5 Ulvophyceae 270
6 Streptophyte Green Algae 271
7 Conclusions 273
References 273
Part V: Ecology 282
Secondary Lichen Compounds as Protection Against Excess Solar Radiation and Herbivores 283
1 Introduction 284
1.1 Acetone-Rinsing Technique 285
2 Lichen Compounds as Solar Radiation Screens 286
2.1 Screening Compounds Vary Along Spatial and Temporal Light Gradients 286
2.2 UV-B Induction of Secondary Lichen Compounds 287
2.3 Do Cortical Compounds Protect Against PAR and/or UV-B? 288
3 Lichen Compounds Deter Herbivores 291
3.1 Experimental Approaches Testing the Herbivore Defense 294
3.2 Herbivore Defense in Lichens from N-Rich and N-Poor Habitats 294
3.3 Induced Versus Constitutive Defense 296
3.4 Grazing-Deterrent Effect and Toxicity of Various Lichen Compounds 297
3.5 Spatial Distribution of Secondary Compounds Within a Lichen Thallus and Optimal Defense Theory 298
3.6 Gastropod Grazing Can Shape Epiphytic Lichen Communities 299
4 Conclusion 300
References 301
Index 305