Recent Advances on Model Hosts (eBook)

Recent Advances on Model Hosts 3
Contents 5
Chapter 1: Amoeba Provide Insight into the Origin of Virulence in Pathogenic Fungi 7
The Pathogenic Fungi 7
Endothermy and Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases 8
Origin of Fungal Infection 9
The Soil Environment 10
Amoeba and Fungi Coexist in Many Ecologic Sites 10
Amoebae as Model Hosts for the Study of Fungal Virulence 11
Other Single Celled Hosts for Fungi 13
Thoughts Towards a Synthesis on the Origin of Virulence 13
References 14
Chapter 2: Of Model Hosts and Man: Using Caenorhabditis elegans , Drosophila melanogaster and Galleria mellonella as Model Hosts for Infectious Disease Research 17
Introduction 17
Caenorhabditis elegans 18
Drosophila melanogaster 20
Galleria mellonella 21
Conclusion 21
References 22
Chapter 3: Caenorhabditis elegans as an Alternative Model to Study Senescence of Host Defense and the Prevention by Immunonutrition 24
Introduction 24
C. elegans as a Model for Immunonutrition 25
C. elegans as a Model for Immunosenescence 28
Development of a Method for Oral Administration to Nematodes 30
Conclusion 31
References 31
Chapter 4: Bacterial Effectors: Learning on the Fly 33
Introduction 33
Microbial Effectors 34
Using Drosophila to Study Bacterial Effectors that Regulate Rho GTPases: Filling in the GAPs 34
Effector-Triggered Immunity: PR1 and CNF1, Alerting the Host to the Presence of Pathogens 36
Using Drosophila to Study Effectors that Inhibit Innate Immune Responses: Yersinia pestis YopJ 37
Drosophila as a Tool to Decipher the Role of Effectors in Chronic Infection and Inflammation: Helicobacter pylori CagA 37
Future Directions 38
Finding the Bad Guys: Using Drosophila to Identify Bacterial Effectors 38
Look and Learn: Intravital Imaging of Drosophila to Monitor the Consequences of Bacterial Effectors During In Vivo Infection 38
References 39
Chapter 5: A Drosophila Asthma Model – What the Fly Tells Us About Inflammatory Diseases of the Lung 41
Asthma and Other Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Lung 41
Drosophila as a Model in Biomedical Research 42
The Airway System of the Fly 44
Manipulation of the Airway Epithelium of the Fly 45
Drosophila in Asthma Research 46
Potential Roles of Asthma Susceptibility Genes in Drosophila 48
References 50
Chapter 6: Elucidating the In Vivo Targets of Photorhabdus Toxins in Real-Time Using Drosophila Embryos 52
Introduction 52
A New Perspective: The Drosophila Embryo 54
Using Drosophila Embryos to Study Bacterial Infection and Toxin-Induced Damage in Real-Time 55
Conclusions and Future Perspectives 56
References 58
Chapter 7: Ecological Niche Modeling as a Tool for Understanding Distributions and Interactions of Vectors, Hosts, and Etiologic Agents of Chagas Disease 61
Introduction 61
The Ecologic Niche Model (ENM) Concept 63
ENM and Chagas Disease 64
Pros, Cons and Conclusions 69
References 70
Chapter 8: Where Simplicity Meets Complexity: Hydra , a Model for Host–Microbe Interactions 73
The Basal Metazoan Model Organism Hydra Enters the Genomic Era 73
Hydra Has an Effective Innate Immune System 74
Hydra and the Hologenome Theory of Evolution 77
Antimicrobial Peptides – Key Factors for Host–Bacteria Co-evolution 79
Bacteria Deprived Holobionts Have to Suffer 79
The “Green” Hydra – A Tripartite Interplay 79
Conclusion and Perspectives 81
References 81
Chapter 9: Tick as a Model for the Study of a Primitive Complement System 84
Ticks as Vectors of Tick-Borne Diseases 85
Immune Reactions in the Tick Hemolymph 86
TAM Is the First Thioester-Containing Protein Described in Ticks 86
IrAM Is Involved in Phagocytosis of Chryseobacterium indologenes 87
The Ixodes sp. Hard Ticks Possess Nine Different TEPs 89
Ficolin-Like Lectins and Other Putative Components of a Primitive Complement System in Ticks 90
References 92
Chapter 10: Models Hosts for the Study of Oral Candidiasis 95
Oral Candidiasis 95
Mammalian Animal Models for the Study of Oral Candidiasis 96
General Aspects of Animal Models 96
Pros and Cons of Rat and Murine Models 97
Microscopic Aspects of Experimental Oral Candidiasis 98
Current Studies of Rat and Murine Models 99
Invertebrate Models for the Study of Oral Candidiasis 102
Future Directions and Conclusion 104
References 104
Chapter 11: Creating a Pro-survival and Anti-inflammatory Phenotype by Modulation of Acetylation in Models of Hemorrhagic and Septic Shock 106
Introduction 107
Lysine Acetylation and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors 107
Extracellular Signals and Protein Acetylation Balance 107
Models for Study of Hemorrhagic Shock and Septic Shock 109
HDACI in Models of Hemorrhagic Shock 110
In Vivo Rodent and Swine Models of Hemorrhagic Shock 110
In Vitro Single-Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model 112
Acetylation-Related Epigenetic Regulation 113
Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)-Akt/PKB Pathway 114
Effect of HDACI on Gut and Lung in Hemorrhagic Shock 116
Breakage of a Paracrine Loop Between Leukocytes and Endothelial Cells 118
HDACI in Models of Septic Shock 119
HDACI Affect NF- k B Activity 119
HDACI Inhibit MAPK Activity 121
TLR4 Signaling – A Converged Immune Response Pathway for Hemorrhage and Sepsis 121
Future Studies: HDACI in a Model of Hemorrhagic and Subsequent Septic Shock (a Two-Hit Model) 122
Special Consideration 123
Conclusion and Perspectives 124
References 127
Index 133