Solid-Liquid Filtration (eBook)

Solid-Liquid Filtration: A users’ guide to minimizing costs andenvironmental impact maximizingquality and productivity
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Preface 12
List of Figures 14
Chapter 1 - Introduction 18
1.1 SCOPE 19
1.2 SUMMARY 26
Part I Background 28
Chapter 2 - History of Filtration 30
2.1 ORIGINS 30
2.2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ONWARDS 31
2.3 RECENT HISTORY 33
2.4 CURRENT TRENDS 34
2.5 SUMMARY 36
Chapter 3 - Physical Phenomena 38
3.1 BASIC NARRATIVE OF A FILTRATION PROCESS 40
3.2 STEP-BY-STEP NARRATIVE 42
3.3 OTHER NOTABLE PHENOMENA AND THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR 58
3.4 SUMMARY 61
Part II Competitive Advantage 64
Chapter 4 - Competitiveness in Processing 66
4.1 PRODUCTION COST 67
4.2 PRODUCT QUALITY 68
4.3 PRODUCTIVITY 68
4.4 SAFETY, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 69
4.5 SUMMARY 70
Chapter 5 - The Outcomes of Filtration Processes 72
5.1 FILTER CAKE OUTCOMES 74
5.2 FILTRATE OUTCOMES 78
5.3 SLURRY OUTCOMES 80
5.4 FILTRATION COSTS 80
5.5 EXAMPLES OF FILTRATION AS A PART OF A PROCESS 81
5.6 SUMMARY 89
Part III Filtration Process Success Factors 90
Chapter 6 - Slurry Filterability 92
6.1 THE NATURE OF THE SLURRY TO BE FILTERED 93
6.2 PRETREATMENT OF THE SLURRY 93
6.3 SLURRY HANDLING 96
6.4 SUMMARY 97
Chapter 7 - Filter Design 98
7.1 VACUUM FILTRATION: CONTINUOUS 101
7.2 PRESSURE FILTRATION: CONTINUOUS 120
7.3 PRESSURE FILTRATION: DISCONTINUOUS 121
7.4 CENTRIFUGAL FILTRATION 138
7.5 SUMMARY 141
Chapter 8 - Filter Installation 142
8.1 HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS 143
8.2 PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS 145
8.3 SLURRY SYSTEMS 146
8.4 CAKE HANDLING 146
8.5 SUMMARY 146
Chapter 9 - Filter Cloth 148
9.1 DESIRED OUTCOMES 150
9.2 CLOTH DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE 150
9.3 CLOTH SUPPORT GRID 158
9.4 CLOTH IN OPERATION 159
9.5 SUMMARY 163
Chapter 10 - Filter Maintenance 164
10.1 PARTICULAR ISSUES WITH FILTRATION EQUIPMENT 165
10.2 SPEED VERSUS MACHINE SYMPATHY 166
10.3 COMPONENT PLANT TRIALS 168
10.4 SUMMARY 168
Chapter 11 - Filter Operation 170
11.1 OPERATIONAL CHOICES 171
11.2 SUMMARY 175
Part IV Creating and Sustaining a Competitive Advantage 176
Chapter 12 - Process Testing 178
12.1 TEST EQUIPMENT 179
12.2 TESTING PROGRAM 181
12.3 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 181
12.4 SAMPLING 182
12.5 EXAMPLE METHOD 182
12.6 DATA ACQUISITION 182
12.7 ARCHIVING DATA 183
12.8 CAKE WASHING 183
12.9 ANALYSIS 183
12.10 SUMMARY 185
Chapter 13 - Getting the Most from Filtration Processes 186
13.1 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESS DESIGN 187
13.2 EQUIPMENT SELECTION 187
13.3 PROCESS OPTIMIZATION 192
13.4 SUMMARY 196
Bibliography 198
Appendix A - Useful Expressions 200
A.1 SLURRY RELATIONSHIPS 200
A.2 CAKE RELATIONSHIPS 202
A.3 BALANCES ACROSS THE FILTER 202
A.4 SUMMARY 204
Appendix B - Flow Through a Growing Porous Filter Cake 206
B.1 FILTRATION EQUATION 206
B.2 FILTRATION UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE 209
B.3 FILTRATION WITH CONSTANT FLOW 211
Appendix C - Forms and Templates 212
Appendix D - Sample Test Method 216
ASSESSMENT OF SLURRY FILTERABILITY 216
Index 220