Progress in Optics (eBook)

Front cover 1
Halftitle page 2
Editorial advisory board 3
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Preface 6
Contents 8
Chapter 1. Coherent Backscattering and Anderson Localization of Light 12
Introduction 12
Instances of Enhanced Backscattering 14
Coherent Backscattering 15
Theoretical Predictions 16
Experiments on Coherent Backscattering 21
Colloidal Suspensions and Turbid Powders 22
The Influence of a Magnetic Field 32
Cold Atoms 35
Other Types of Waves 38
The Transition to Strong Localization 41
Low-dimensional Systems 41
Static Measurements 45
Time-resolved Measurements 56
Conclusions and Outlook 67
Acknowledgements 68
References 68
Chapter 2. Soliton Shape and Mobility Control in Optical Lattices 74
Introduction 75
Nonlinear Materials 77
Diffraction Control in Optical Lattices 80
Bloch Waves 80
One- and Two-dimensional Waveguide Arrays 82
AM and FM Transversely Modulated Lattices and Arrays 83
Longitudinally Modulated Lattices and Waveguide Arrays 85
Optically-induced Lattices 87
Optical Lattices Induced by Interference Patterns 87
Nondiffracting Linear Beams 89
Mathematical Models of Wave Propagation 90
One-dimensional Lattice Solitons 94
Fundamental Solitons 95
Beam Shaping and Mobility Control 97
Multipole Solitons and Soliton Trains 99
Gap Solitons 99
Vector Solitons 101
Soliton Steering in Dynamical Lattices 102
Lattice Solitons in Nonlocal Nonlinear Media 103
Two-dimensional Lattice Solitons 105
Fundamental Solitons 106
Multipole Solitons 109
Gap Solitons 111
Vector Solitons 112
Vortex Solitons 113
Topological Soliton Dragging 116
Solitons in Bessel Lattices 119
Rotary and Vortex Solitons in Radially Symmetric Bessel Lattices 119
Multipole and Vortex Solitons in Azimuthally Modulated Bessel Lattices 124
Soliton Wires and Networks 126
Mathieu and Parabolic Optical Lattices 126
Three-dimensional Lattice Solitons 127
Nonlinear Lattices and Soliton Arrays 130
Soliton Arrays and Pixels 131
Nonlinear Periodic Lattices 132
Defect Modes and Random Lattices 136
Defect Modes in Waveguide Arrays and Optically-induced Lattices 136
Anderson Localization 139
Soliton Percolation 140
Concluding Remarks 141
Acknowledgements 143
References 143
Chapter 3. Signal and Quantum Noise in Optical Communications and Cryptography 160
Introduction 161
Quantum and Thermal Noises 161
Limit of the Semi-classical Approach for Quantum Noise 162
New Trends in Optical Communication Engineering 163
Chapter Objective and Organization 164
Basic Concepts of Quantum Optics 166
Quantum Description of Optical Fields 167
Quantum States of Optical Fields 172
Quantum Probability Distributions 176
Engineering Description of Quantum Noise 181
Non-commutating Quadrature Measurements and Quantum State Distinguishability 188
Non Commutating Quadrature Measurements 189
Quantum Detection 195
Symmetrical Coherent States 196
Open Loop Quantum Receivers 198
Feedback Quantum Receivers 200
Optical Amplification 201
Minimum Output Additive Noise 202
Attenuation and Amplification Noises 205
Quantum Langevin Approach 207
Equivalent Lumped Amplifier Noise Factor 210
Pre-amplified Optical System Applications 210
Technical Noise and Impairment in Optical Amplification 213
Linear and Phase-Sensitive Amplification 213
Optical Amplification Sensitivity 214
Single Quadrature Homodyne Detection 215
Quantum Theory of Homodyne Detection 218
Second Order Momentum and Signal to Noise Ratio 221
Comparison with the Classical Approach Result 222
Coherent Optical System Applications 223
Application to Cryptography 228
Technical Noise and Impairment in Homodyne Detection 231
In-phase and Quadrature Measurements 237
Phase Estimation with Classical Signals 238
Phase Estimation with Quantum Signals 240
Heterodyne Detection 242
I--Q Measurements 244
Suppressed Carrier Phase Estimation 245
In-phase and Quadrature Measurements Applications 247
Conclusion 249
Acknowledgments 255
Appendix 256
General Quantum Field Input--Output Relations 256
Abbreviation Index 258
Notation Index 260
References 262
Chapter 4. Invisibility Cloaking by Coordinate Transformation 272
Introduction 272
Coordinate Transformation in Electromagnetism 273
Principle and Construction of Invisibility Cloaks 277
Arbitrarily-shaped Invisibility Cloaks 279
Outer Boundary of Cloak 280
Inner Boundary of Cloak 281
Cylindrical Invisibility Cloak 285
Approximate Ideal Cylindrical Cloak 288
Material Simplification 293
Spherical Invisibility Cloak 306
Other Related Works and Some Practical Issues 310
Conclusion 311
Acknowledgement 312
References 312
Author index for Volume 52 316
Subject Index for Volume 52 328
Contents of Previous Volumes 332
Cumulative Index -- Volumes 1--52 344