Ion Exchange Membranes (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 10
Preface 6
Part I: Fundamentals 16
Chapter 1. Preparation of Ion Exchange Membranes 18
1.1. Invention of an Ion Exchange Membrane 18
1.2. Sandwich Method 18
1.3. Latex Method 20
1.4. Block Polymerization 22
1.5. Paste Method 25
1.6. Irradiation Graft Polymerization 26
1.7. Heterogeneous Membrane 29
References 30
Chapter 2. Membrane Property Measurements 32
2.1. Sampling and Pretreatmemt of Membranes 32
2.2. Electric Resistance 33
2.3. Ion Exchange Capacity and Water Content 34
2.4. Transport Number 35
2.5. Solute Permeability Coefficient 38
2.6. Electro Osmotic Coefficient 40
2.7. Water Permeation Coefficient 41
2.8. Swelling Ratio 43
2.9. Mechanical Strength 43
2.10. Electrodialysis 48
References 51
Chapter 3. Membrane Characteristics and Transport Phenomena 52
3.1. Permselectivity between Ions Having Different Charged Sign 52
3.2. Permselectivity between Ions Having the Same Charged Sign 57
3.3. Electric Conductivity 58
3.4. Membrane Potential 59
3.5. Concentration Diffusion 62
3.6. Mechanism to Decrease Divalent Ion Permeability 63
3.7. Research on Membranes Treatment to Decrease Divalent Ion Permeability 69
References 71
Chapter 4. Theory of Teorell, Meyer and Sievers (TMS Theory) 74
4.1. Membrane Potential 74
4.2. Diffusion Coefficient 77
4.3. Electric Conductivity 79
4.4. Transport Number 80
References 81
Chapter 5. Irreversible Thermodynamics 82
5.1. Phenomenological Equation and Phenomenological Coefficient 82
5.2. Reflection Coefficient 88
5.3. Electrodialysis Phenomena 89
5.4. Separation of Salt and Water by Electrodialysis 92
References 94
Chapter 6. Overall Mass Transport 96
6.1. Overall Membrane Pair Characteristics and Mass Transport Across a Membrane Pair 96
6.2. The Overall Mass Transport Equation and The Phenomenological Equation 100
6.3. Reflection Coefficient s, Hydraulic Conductivity Lp and Solute Permeability . 102
6.4. Pressure Reflection Coefficient and Concentration Reflection Coefficient:Electric Current Switching Off Concept 104
6.5. Irreversible Thermodynamic Membrane Pair Characteristics 108
References 110
Chapter 7. Concentration Polarization 112
7.1. Current–Voltage Relationship 112
7.2. Concentration Polarization Potential 115
7.3. Chronopotentiometry 116
7.4. Refractive Index 118
7.5. Natural Convection 121
7.6. Fluctuation 124
7.7. Overlimiting Current 126
7.8. Mass Transport in a Boundary Layer 131
7.9. Concentration Polarization on a Concentrating Surface of an Ion Exchange Membrane 149
References 152
Chapter 8. Water Dissociation 154
8.1. Current–pH Relationship 154
8.2. Diffusional Model 156
8.3. Repulsion Zone 157
8.4. Membrane Surface Potential 158
8.5. Wien Effect 159
8.6. Protonation and Deprotonation Reactions 162
8.7. Hydrolysis of Magnesium Ions 164
8.8. Experimental Research on the Water Dissociation 165
8.9. Water Dissociation Arising in Seawater Electrodialysis 184
8.10. Mechanism of Water Dissociation 188
References 200
Chapter 9. Current Density Distribution 202
9.1. Current Density Distribution in an Electrodialyzer 202
9.2. Current Density Distribution Around an Insulator and Electric Current Shadowing 207
References 217
Chapter 10. Hydrodynamics 220
10.1. Solution Flow and I–V Curves 220
10.2. Effect of a Spacer on Solution Flow (Theoretical) 220
10.3. Effect of a Spacer on Solution Flow (Experimental) 230
10.4. Local Flow Distribution in a Flow Channel 238
10.5. Effect of Solution Flow on Limiting Current Density and Static Head Loss in a Channel 242
10.6. Air Bubble Cleaning 243
10.7. Friction Factor of a Spacer and Solution Distribution to Each Desalting Cell 245
10.8. Pressure Distribution in a Duct in an Electrodialyzer 251
References 259
Chapter 11. Limiting Current Density 260
11.1. Concentration Polarization, Water Dissociation and Limiting Current Density 260
11.2. Diffusion Layer and Boundary Layer 260
11.3. Limiting Current Density Equation Introduced from the Nernst–Planck Equation 262
11.4. Dependence of Limiting Current Density on Electrolyte Concentration and Solution Velocity of a Solution 263
11.5. Limiting Current Density Analysis Based on the Mass Transport in a Desalting Cell 265
11.6. Solution Velocity Distribution Between Desalting Cells in a Stack 275
11.7. Limiting Current Density of an Electrodialyzer 278
References 284
Chapter 12. Leakage 286
12.1. Electric Current Leakage 286
12.2. Solution Leakage 293
References 298
Chapter 13. Energy Consumption 300
13.1. Energy Requirements in an Electrodialysis System 300
13.2. Energy Consumption in a Stack 300
References 306
Chapter 14. Membrane Deterioration 308
14.1. Membrane Property Change with Elapsed Time 308
14.2. Surface Fouling 315
14.3. Organic Fouling 323
References 331
Part II: Applications 334
Chapter 1. Electrodialysis 336
1.1. Overview of Technology 336
1.2. Electrodialyzer 336
1.3. Electrodialysis Process 342
1.4. Energy Consumption and Optimum Current Density 355
1.5. Surrounding Technology 355
1.6. Practice 358
References 394
Chapter 2. Electrodialysis Reversal 398
2.1. Overview of Technology 398
2.2. Spacer 400
2.3. Water Recovery 404
2.4. Prevention of Scale Formation 406
2.5. Anti-Organic Fouling 407
2.6. Colloidal Deposit Formation on the Membrane Surface and Its Removal 408
2.7. Nitrate and Nitrite Removal 409
2.8. Practice 410
References 418
Chapter 3. Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis 420
3.1. Overview of Technology 420
3.2. Preparation of Bipolar Membranes 424
3.3. Performance of a Bipolar Membrane 430
3.4. Practice 443
References 449
Chapter 4. Electro-Deionization 452
4.1. Overview of Technology 452
4.2. Mass Transfer in the EDI System 454
4.3. Structure of the EDI Unit and Energy Consumption 460
4.4. Water Dissociation in an EDI Process 461
4.5. Removal of Weakly-Ionized Species in an EDI Process 463
4.6. Practice 467
References 474
Chapter 5. Electrolysis 476
5.1. Overview of Technology 476
5.2. Ion Exchange Membrane 478
5.3. Material Flow and Electrode Reaction in an Electrolysis System 484
5.4. Electrolyzer and it’s Performance 488
5.5. Purification of Salt Water in an Electrolysis Process 494
References 499
Chapter 6. Diffusion Dialysis 502
6.1. Overview of Technology 502
6.2. Transport Phenomena in Diffusion Dialysis 502
6.3. Diffusion Dialyzer and its Operation 504
6.4. Practice 506
References 509
Chapter 7. Donnan Dialysis 510
7.1. Overview of Technology 510
7.2. Mass Transport in Donnan Dialysis 511
7.3. Practice 513
References 518
Chapter 8. Energy Conversion 520
8.1. Dialysis Battery 520
8.2. Redox Flow Battery 523
8.3. Fuel Cell 529
References 537
Index 540