Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 9
PREFACE 10
LIST OF SYMBOLS 12
CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICS 14
1.1 Fluid mechanics in everyday life 14
1.2 The beginning of fluid mechanics 14
CHAPTER 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A FLUID 19
2.1 Fluid 19
2.2 Units and dimensions 19
2.3 Density, specific gravity and specific volume 21
2.4 Viscosity 22
2.5 Surface tension 26
2.6 Compressibility 29
2.7 Characteristics of a perfect gas 30
2.8 Problems 31
CHAPTER 3. FLUID STATICS 33
3.1 Pressure 33
3.2 Forces acting on the vessel of liquid 43
3.3 Why does a ship float? 46
3.4 Relatively stationary state 48
3.5 Problems 51
CHAPTER 4. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLOW 54
4.1 Streamline and stream tube 54
4.2 Steady flow and unsteady flow 56
4.3 Three-dimensional, two-dimensional and one-dimensional flow 56
4.4 Laminar flow and turbulent flow 57
4.5 Reynolds number 59
4.6 Incompressible and compressible fluids 59
4.7 Rotation and spinning of a liquid 60
4.8 Circulation 63
4.9 Problems 66
CHAPTER 5. ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW: mechanism for conservation of flow properties 68
5.1 Continuity equation 68
5.2 Conservation of energy 69
5.3 Conservation of momentum 83
5.4 Conservation of angular momentum 89
5.5 Problems 91
CHAPTER 6. FLOW OF VISCOUS FLUID 95
6.1 Continuity equation 95
6.2 Navier–Stokes equation 96
6.3 Velocity distribution of laminar flow 101
6.4 Velocity distribution of turbulent flow 107
6.5 Boundary layer 114
6.6 Theory of lubrication 119
6.7 Problems 122
CHAPTER 7. FLOW IN PIPES 124
7.1 Flow in the inlet region 125
7.2 Loss by pipe friction 127
7.3 Frictional loss on pipes other than circular pipes 131
7.4 Various losses in pipe lines 132
7.5 Pumping to higher levels 145
7.6 Problems 147
CHAPTER 8. FLOW IN A WATER CHANNEL 149
8.1 Flow in an open channel with constant section and flow velocity 149
8.2 Best section shape of an open channel 151
8.3 Specific energy 154
8.4 Constant discharge 155
8.5 Constant specific energy 156
8.6 Constant water depth 157
8.7 Hydraulic jump 158
8.8 Problems 159
CHAPTER 9. DRAG AND LIFT 161
9.1 Flows around a body 161
9.2 Forces acting on a body 162
9.3 The drag of a body 162
9.4 The lift of a body 174
9.5 Cavitation 180
9.6 Problems 182
CHAPTER 10. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND LAW OF SIMILARITY 184
10.1 Dimensional analysis 184
10.2 Buckingham’s p theorem 185
10.3 Application examples of dimensional analysis 185
10.4 Law of similarity 188
10.5 Problems 193
CHAPTER 11. MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VELOCITY AND FLOW RATE 195
11.1 Measurement of flow velocity 195
11.2 Measurement of flow discharge 199
11.3 Problems 208
CHAPTER 12. FLOW OF AN IDEAL FLUID 210
12.1 Euler's equation of motion 210
12.2 Velocity potential 211
12.3 Stream function 213
12.4 Complex potential 214
12.5 Example of potential flow 216
12.6 Conformal mapping 225
12.7 Problems 229
CHAPTER 13. FLOW OF A COMPRESSIBLE FLUID 231
13.1 Thermodynamical characteristics 231
13.2 Sonic velocity 234
13.3 Mach number 236
13.4 Basic equations for one-dimensional compressible flow 237
13.5 Isentropic flow 239
13.6 Shock waves 243
13.7 Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow 248
13.8 Problems 249
CHAPTER 14. UNSTEADY FLOW 251
14.1 Vibration of liquid column in U-tube 251
14.2 Propagation of pressure in pipe line 253
14.3 Transitional change in flow quantity in a pipe line 255
14.4 Velocity of pressure wave in a pipe line 256
14.5 Water hammer 257
14.6 Problems 260
CHAPTER 15. COMPUTATlONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 262
15.1 Finite difference method 262
15.2 Finite volume method 276
15.3 Finite element method 277
15.4 Boundary element method 282
CHAPTER 16. FLOW VISUALISATION 287
16.1 Classification of techniques 287
16.2 Experimental visualisation methods 287
16.3 Computer-aided visualisation methods 299
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 304
INDEX 312