Sperm Biology (eBook)

Front cover 1
Sperm Biology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Preface 12
Biographies 18
Chapter 1. Three centuries of sperm research 34
1.1 Introduction 34
1.2 Milestones 36
1.3 Key players 56
1.4 Conclusion 68
Acknowledgements 69
References 69
Further reading 75
Chapter 2. The evolutionary origin and maintenance of sperm: selection for a small, motile gamete mating type catherine 76
2.1 Introduction 76
2.2 Size dimorphism 79
2.3 Mating types 91
2.4 Motility dimorphism 93
2.5 Outstanding questions 93
2.6 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgments 95
References 95
Chapter 3. Sperm morphological diversity 102
3.1 Introduction 102
3.2 Sperm variation 105
3.3 Conclusions and future directions 148
Acknowledgments 152
References 152
Chapter 4. The evolution of spermatogenesis 184
4.1 Introduction 184
4.2 Establishment of primordial germ cells and regulation of the spermatogenic stem cell population during development 187
4.3 Spermatogonia exit mitosis and commit to the spermatogenic process 196
4.4 Evolutionary impacts on meiosis 199
4.5 Spermatids and spermatozoa – production of highly specialized motile cells 201
4.6 Conclusions and challenges 207
Acknowledgment 209
References 209
Chapter 5. Sperm motility and energetics 218
5.1 Introduction 218
5.2 Sperm structure and motility 218
5.3 Generating power for motility 224
5.4 Sperm mitochondria and endosymbiosis 231
5.5 Future directions 233
References 234
Chapter 6. Sperm competition and sperm phenotype 240
6.1 Introduction 240
6.2 Sperm phenotype and fertilizing efficiency 242
6.3 Patterns of selection by sperm competition 262
6.4 Evolutionary conflicts and sperm phenotype evolution 266
6.5 Concluding remarks and future directions 268
Acknowledgments 268
References 269
Chapter 7. Ejaculate–female and sperm–female Interactions 280
7.1 Introduction 280
7.2 Types and mechanisms of ejaculate–female interaction 283
7.3 Rapid evolutionary diversification of ejaculate–female interaction traits 298
7.4 Correlated evolution of ejaculate–female interaction traits 306
7.5 Genetic compatibility, male–female interactions and sperm precedence 310
7.6 Conclusions and future directions 312
Acknowledgments 314
References 314
Chapter 8. The evolutionary significance of variation in sperm-egg interactions 338
8.1 Introduction 338
8.2 The events in sperm–egg interactions 342
8.3 Rapid evolution of SEIs 365
8.4 Sperm origins and evolution – the curious case of the mitochondria 373
8.5 Conclusions and future directions 375
Acknowledgments 377
References 378
Chapter 9. Sperm and speciation 400
9.1 Introduction 400
9.2 The path to the egg: physiological and molecular opportunities for PMPZ isolation 402
9.3 Widespread occurrence of PMPZ isolation 406
9.4 How to study PMPZ barriers to gene flow 414
9.5 PMPZ reproductive barriers can evolve rapidly 415
9.6 The effectiveness and influence of PMPZ reproductive barriers 418
9.7 Evolutionary forces driving PMPZ isolation 418
9.8 Spermatogenesis and speciation 423
9.9 Final remarks 423
Acknowledgments 424
References 424
Further reading 434
Chapter 10. Evolutionary quantitative genetics of sperm 438
10.1 Introduction 438
10.2 Identifying quantitative genetic studies of sperm 439
10.3 A prospective review of the quantitative genetics of sperm 446
10.4 Evolvability and the response to selection 448
10.5 Location of genes involved in sperm traits 452
10.6 Genetic studies of competitive fertilization success 454
10.7 Future directions 458
References 460
Chapter 11. Sperm proteomics and genomics 468
11.1 Introduction 468
11.2 Principles of proteomics 470
11.3 Single-protein and gene approaches to the molecular basis of sperm 472
11.4 Previous proteomic research on sperm and related structures 474
11.5 The Drosophila sperm proteome 478
11.6 Sexual selection and the evolution of sperm proteins 488
11.7 Spermatozoal RNA 493
11.8 The future of sperm proteomics and genomics 494
Acknowledgments 495
References 496
Chapter 12. Drive and sperm: the evolution and genetics of male meiotic drive 504
12.1 Introduction 504
12.2 Autosomal meiotic drive 506
12.3 X-linked meiotic drive 514
12.4 Drive and sperm 516
12.5 Adaptations to drive 522
12.6 Evolution of X versus Y versus autosomal drive 522
12.7 Drive and speciation 514
12.8 Conclusions 529
Acknowledgments 530
References 530
Chapter 13. Unusual gametic and genetic systems 540
13.1 Introduction 540
13.2 Paternal monopolization of parenthood: androgenesis 541
13.3 Maternal monopolization of parenthood 542
13.4 Haplodiploidy and sperm evolution 545
13.5 Noncanonical cell fusions 560
13.6 Conclusion 563
Acknowledgments 564
References 565
Chapter 14. Sperm and conservation 572
14.1 The biodiversity crisis 572
14.2 Male reproduction in endangered species: the effect of inbreeding 572
14.3 Spermatozoa in assisted reproduction for conservation 578
Acknowledgments 588
References 588
Chapter 15. Sperm, human fertility and society 598
15.1 Introduction to fertility in the human male 598
15.2 Male infertility 603
15.3 Diagnosing male infertility 605
15.4 Assisted conception 609
15.5 Risks associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) 614
15.6 Concluding remarks 620
References 621
Index 632
Color Plates 676