Principles of Water Quality Control (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 4
Preface to the fifth edition 8
Preface to the first edition 9
Chapter 1. Water- a precious natural resource 10
1.1 The development of water and wastewater services 10
1.2 Sustainable development 13
1.3 Water resources 15
1.4 The role of engineers and scientists 17
Chapter 2. Characteristics of waters and wastewaters 21
2.1 Physical characteristics 22
2.2 Chemical characteristics 23
2.3 Biological characteristics 28
2.4 Typical characteristics 29
Chapter 3. Sampling and analysis 37
3.1 Sampling 37
3.2 Analytical methods 38
3.3 Automated analysis, remote monitoring and sensing 44
Chapter 4. Aquatic microbiology and ecology 48
4.1 Types of metabolism 48
4.2 Nomenclature 49
4.3 Types of microorganism 49
4.4 Microbiological examination 54
4.5 Ecological principles 56
Chapter 5. Water quality and health 60
5.1 Characteristics of diseases 61
5.2 Water-related disease 61
5.3 Chemical-related illness 66
Chapter 6. Biological oxidation of organic matter 72
6.1 Nature of organic matter 73
6:2 Biochemical reactions 73
6.3 Nature of biological growth 74
6.4 Oxygen demand in aerobic oxidation 77
6.5 Anaerobic oxidation 82
Chapter 7. Water pollution and its control 85
7.1 Types of pollutant 85
7.2 Self-purification 87
7.3 Toxic materials 94
7.4 Overall effects of pollution 96
7.5 Groundwater pollution 98
7.6 Pollution of tidal waters 99
7.7 Control of pollution 100
Chapter 8. Water demands and wastewater flows 116
8.1 Domestic water demand 116
8.2 Industrial water demand 117
8.3 Demand management 118
8.4 Population growth 121
8.5 Wastewater flow 123
8.6 Variations in flow 125
Chapter 9. Introduction to treatment processes 128
9.1 Methods of treatment 128
9.2 Optimized design 129
9.3 Control and operation 132
Chapter 10. Preliminary treatment processes 136
10.1 Screening and straining 136
10.2 Microstraining 138
10.3 Grit removal 138
10.4 Flow measurement and distribution 139
Chapter 11. Clarification 140
11.1 Theory of sedimentation 140
11.2 The ideal sedimentation basin 144
11.3 Measurement of settling characteristics 147
11.4 Efficiency of sedimentation tanks 151
11.5 Types of sedimentation tank 152
11.6 Gravity thickening 153
11.7 Flotation 156
Chapter 12. Coagulation 160
12.1 Colloidal suspensions 160
12.2 Flocculation 161
12.3 Coagulation 163
12.4 Mechanism of coagulation 167
Chapter 13. Flow through porous media 171
13.1 Hydraulics of filtration 171
13.2 Filter clogging 174
13.3 Filter washing 175
13.4 Types of filter 178
13.5 Filter operation and control 181
Chapter 14. Aerobic biological oxidation 185
14.1 Principles of biological oxidation 185
14.2 Types of aerobic oxidation plant 188
14.3 Biological filter 188
14.4 Activated sludge 193
14.5 Oxidation pond 199
14.6 Land treatment 201
Chapter 15. Anaerobic biological oxidation 205
15.1 Principles of anaerobic oxidation 205
15.2 Applications of anaerobic treatment 207
15.3 Operation of digesters 209
Chapter 16. Disinfection 212
16.1 Theory of disinfection 212
16.2 Chlorine 214
16.3 Ozone 217
16.4 Ultraviolet radiation 218
16.5 Other disinfectants 218
Chapter 17. Chemical treatment 221
17.1 Chemical precipitation 221
17.2 Ion exchange 225
17.3 Adsorption 228
Chapter 18. Sludge dewatering and disposal 232
18.1 Sludge characteristics 232
18.2 Sludge conditioning 234
18.3 Sludge dewatering 235
18.4 Sludge stabilization 238
18.5 Sludge disposal 239
Chapter 19. Tertiary treatment, water reclamation and re-use 247
19.1 Tertiary treatment 247
19.2 Water reclamation and re-use 250
19.3 Removal of impurities not amenable to conventional treatment 257
19.4 Physico-chemical treatment of wastewater 265
Chapter 20. Water supply and sanitation in developing countries 268
20.1 The current situation 268
20.2 Sources of water 269
20.3 Water treatment 271
20.4 Sanitation 274
20.5 Effluent disposal 278
Index 282