Monodispersed Particles (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Monodispersed Particles 4
Copyright Page 5
Preface 6
Contents 10
PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS 28
Chapter 1. Nucleation 28
1.1. Surface Energy 28
1.2. Equilibrium Concentrations of Three-Dimensional Nuclei 53
1.3. Nucleation Rate 57
1.4. The Nucleation Process in Closed Monodisperse Systems 67
1.5. The Nucleation Process in Open Monodisperse Systems 86
References 110
Chapter 2. Growth 113
2.1. Equilibrium Concentrations of Two-Dimensional Nuclei 113
2.2. Nucleation Rate of Two-Dimensional Nuclei 117
2.3. Growth Rate by Surface Reaction 120
2.4. Growth of Polyhedral Particles by Surface Reaction 127
2.5. Diffusion-Controlled and Reaction-Controlled Growth Modes 132
2.6. Criteria for the Distinction of Growth Modes 135
References 165
Chapter 3. Habit Formation 145
3.1. Surface Chemical Potential of a Crystal Face 145
3.2. Stable Forms 148
References 165
Chapter 4. Recrystallization 166
4.1. Phase Transformation 166
4.2. Ostwald Ripening 167
4.3. Self-Recrystallization 171
4.4. Reversed Ostwald Ripening 171
4.5. Contact Recrystallization 175
References 180
Chapter 5. Solid-Solution Formation 182
5.1. Equilibrium Compositions 182
5.2. Conversion by Intra-Particle Recrystallization 194
References 212
PART 2: PREPARATION 214
Chapter 6. General Principles for the Formation of Monodispersed Particles 214
6.1. Separation of the Nucleation and Growth Stages 215
6.2. Inhibition of Random Coagulation 219
6.3. Reserve of Monomers 225
6.4. Choice of Growth Modes 226
6.5. Introduction of Alternative Mechanisms 229
References 229
Chapter 7. Monodispersed Systems 235
7.1. Classification of Monodispersed Systems 235
7.2. Homogeneous Systems 237
7.3. Heterogeneous Systems 292
References 368
Chapter 8. Control of Particle Characteristics 395
8.1. Size Control 395
8.2. Shape Control 403
8.3. Internal Structure Control 423
8.4. Composition Control 433
8.5. Layered Structure Control 444
8.6. Hollow Structure Control 459
8.7. Porous Structure Control 461
8.8. Heterojunction 463
References 468
PART 3: ANALYSES 480
Chapter 9. Analyses of Formation Processes 480
9.1. Electron Microscopy 480
9.2. X–ray Diffractometry 482
9.3. Infrared Spectroscopy 483
9.4. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 486
9.5. Potentiometry 488
9.6. Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry 492
9.7. Gas Chromatography 493
9.8. Ion Chromatography 494
9.9. Radiochemical Analysis 497
9.10. Seeding Analysis 504
References 507
Chapter 10. Characterization of Products 509
10.1. Transmission Electron Microscopy 509
10.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy 512
10.3. Electron Diffractometry 513
10.4. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry 515
10.5. Powder X-ray Diffractometry 518
10.6. Oriented Particulate Monolayer X-ray Diffractometry 523
10.7. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 527
10.8. Infrared Spectroscopy 529
10.9. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 531
10.10. Photon Correlation Spectroscopy 534
10.11. Turbidimetry 539
10.12. Coulter Principle 544
References 545
PART 4: APPLICATIONS 547
Chapter 11. Application to Fundamental Studies 547
11.1. Determination of the Avogadro Number 547
11.2. Measurement of Zeta-Potential 550
11.3. Determination of Hamaker Constants 556
11.4. Measurement of Interparticle Forces 558
11.5. Studies of Particle Adhesion 562
11.6. Studies of Colloidal Ordering 572
11.7. Studies of Light Scattering 579
11.8. Studies of Optoelectronic Properties of Fine Particles 586
11.9. Studies of Ionic Properties of Fine Particles 588
11.10. Studies of Magnetic Properties of Fine Particles 591
References 600
Chapter 12. Industrial Applications 607
12.1. Photographic Materials 607
12.2. Ceramic Materials 615
12.3. Magnetic Recording Materials 623
12.4. Catalysts 655
12.5. Pigments 703
12.6. Biological and Medical Uses 718
References 741
Name Index 760
Subject Index 786