Plant Virology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Matthews' Plant Virology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
About the Author 6
Preface 20
Chapter 1. Introduction 24
I. Historical Background 24
II. Definition of a Virus 32
III. About this Edition 34
Chapter 2. Nomenclature and Classification of Plant Viruses 36
I. Nomenclature 36
II. Criteria Used for Classifying Viruses 44
III. Families and Genera of Plant Viruses 50
IV. Retroelements 63
VI. Viruses of Lower Plants 65
VI. Discussion 67
Chapter 3. Disease Symptoms and Host Range 70
I. Economic Losses due to Plant Viruses 70
II. Macroscopic Symptoms 71
III. Histological Changes 79
IV. Cytological Effects 81
V. The Host Range of Viruses 90
VI. Discussion and Summary 96
Chapter 4. Purification and Composition of Plant Viruses 98
I. Introduction 98
II. Isolation 98
III. Components 109
Chapter 5. Architecture and Assembly of Virus Particles 132
I. Introduction 132
II. Methods 132
III. Architecture of Rod-Shaped Viruses 140
IV. Assembly of Rod-Shaped Viruses 149
V. Architecture of Isometric Viruses 157
VI. Small Icosahedral Viruses 161
VII. More Complex Isometric Viruses 182
VIII. Enveloped Viruses 183
IX. Assembly of Icosahedral Viruses 186
X. Discussion and Summary 191
Chapter 6. Genome Organization 194
I. Introduction 194
II. General Properties of Plant Viral Genomes 194
III. Plant Viral Genome Organization 197
IV. Double-Stranded DNA Viruses 197
V. Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 203
VI. Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 206
VII. Negative-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Genomes 210
VIII. Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Genomes 212
IX. Summary and Discussion 244
Chapter 7. Expression of Viral Genomes 248
I. Introduction 248
II. Virus Entry and Uncoating 249
III. Viral Genome Expression 255
IV. Synthesis of mRNAs 267
V. Plant Viral Genome Strategies 276
VI. Discussion 313
Chapter 8. Virus Replication 316
I. Introduction 316
II. Host Functions Used by Plant Viruses 316
III. Methods for Studying Viral Replication 317
IV. Replication of Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 327
V. Replication of Negative-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 356
VI. Replication of Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 359
VII. Replication of Reverse Transcribing Viruses 362
VIII. Replication of Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 368
IX. Mutation and Recombination 375
X. Mixed Virus Assembly 391
XI. Discussion 394
Chapter 9. Induction of Disease 1: Virus Movement through the Plant and Effects on Plant Metabolism 396
I. Introduction 396
II. Movement and Final Distribution 396
III. Effects on Plant Metabolism 434
IV. Processes Involved in Symptom Induction 449
V. Discussion 458
Chapter 10. Induction of Disease 2: Virus–Plant Interactions 460
I. Introduction 460
II. Definitions and Terminology of Host Responses to Inoculation 460
III. Steps in the Induction of Disease 462
IV. Inherent Host Response 486
V. Influence of Other Agents 498
VI. Discussion and Summary 504
Chapter 11. Transmission 1: By Invertebrates, Nematodes and Fungi 508
I. Introduction 508
II. Transmission by Invertebrates 508
III. Aphids (Aphididae) 510
IV. Leafhoppers and Planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) 529
V. Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) 536
VI. Thrips (Thysanoptera) 538
VII. Other Sucking and Piercing Vector Groups 541
VIII. Insects with Biting Mouthparts 541
IX. Mites (Arachnida) 543
X. Pollinating Insects 545
XI. Nematodes (Nematoda) 545
XII. Fungi 549
XIII. Discussion and Summary 550
Chapter 12. Transmission 2: Mechanical, Seed, Pollen and Epidemiology 556
I. Mechanical Transmission 556
II. Factors Influencing the Course of Infection and Disease 558
III. Direct Passage in Living Higher Plant Material 569
IV. Ecology and Epidemiology 578
Chapter 13. New Understanding of the Functions of Plant Viruses 606
I. Introduction 606
II. Early Events 607
III. Mid-stage Events 608
IV. Late Events 613
V. Systemic Interactions with Plants 613
VI. Discussion 614
Chapter 14. Viroids, Satellite Viruses and Satellite RNAs 616
I. Viroids 616
II. Satellite Viruses and Satellite RNAs 631
Chapter 15. Methods for Assay, Detection and Diagnosis 650
I. Introduction 650
II. Methods Involving Biological Activities of the Virus 651
III. Methods Depending on Physical Properties of the Virus Particle 659
IV. Methods Depending on Properties of Viral Proteins 664
V. Methods Involving Properties of the Viral Nucleic Acid 684
VI. Discussion and Summary 696
Chapter 16. Control and Uses of Plant Viruses 698
I. Introduction 698
II. Removal or Avoidance of Sources of Infection 699
III. Control or Avoidance of Vectors 713
IV. Protecting the Plant from Systemic Disease 721
V. Conventional Resistance to Plant Viruses 725
VI. Transgenic Protection Against Plant Viruses 735
VII. Pathogen-Derived Resistance 736
VIII. Discussion and Conclusions 753
IX. Possible Uses of Viruses for Gene Technology 754
Chapter 17. Variation, Evolution and Origins of Plant Viruses 766
I. Strains of Viruses 766
II. Criteria for the Recognition of Strains 767
III. Isolation of Strains 785
IV. The Molecular Basis of Variation 787
V. Constraints on Variation 790
VI. Virus Strains in the Plant 791
VII. Correlations Between Criteria for Characterizing Viruses and Virus Strains 793
VIII. Discussion and Summary 797
IX. Speculations on Origins and Evolution 798
X. Types of Evolution 799
XI. Sources of Viral Genes 814
XII. Origins of Viruses, Viroids and Satellites 817
XIII. Selection Pressures for Evolution 822
XIV. Co-evolution of Viruses with their Hosts and Vectors 827
XV. Discussion and Summary 830
Appendix 1A 836
Appendix 1B 861
Appendix 2A 873
Appendix 2B 875
Appendix 3 877
References 880
Index 1006
Color Plate Section 1025