Process Heat Transfer (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Process Heat Transfer Principles and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 9
Conversion Factors 11
Physical Constants 12
Acknowledgements 13
Chapter 1: Heat Conduction 16
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction 17
1.3 The Heat Conduction Equation 21
1.4 Thermal Resistance 30
1.5 The Conduction Shape Factor 34
1.6 Unsteady-State Conduction 39
1.7 Mechanisms of Heat Conduction 46
Chapter 2: Convective Heat Transfer 58
2.1 Introduction 59
2.2 Combined Conduction and Convection 59
2.3 Extended Surfaces 62
2.4 Forced Convection in Pipes and Ducts 68
2.5 Forced Convection in External Flow 77
2.6 Free Convection 80
Chapter 3: Heat Exchangers 100
3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 Double-Pipe Equipment 101
3.3 Shell-and-Tube Equipment 102
3.4 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 108
3.5 The LMTD Correction Factor 113
3.6 Analysis of Double-Pipe Exchangers 117
3.7 Preliminary Design of Shell-and-Tube Exchangers 121
3.8 Rating a Shell-and-Tube Exchanger 124
3.9 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 129
Chapter 4: Design of Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 142
4.1 Introduction 143
4.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Exchangers without Fins 143
4.3 Hydraulic Calculations for Exchangers without Fins 143
4.4 Series/Parallel Configurations of Hairpins 146
4.5 Multi-tube Exchangers 147
4.6 Over-Surface and Over-Design 148
4.7 Finned-Pipe Exchangers 156
4.8 Heat-Transfer Coefficients and Friction Factors for Finned Annuli 158
4.9 Wall Temperature for Finned Pipes 160
4.10 Computer Software 167
Chapter 5: Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 202
5.1 Introduction 203
5.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients 203
5.3 Hydraulic Calculations 204
5.4 Finned Tubing 207
5.5 Tube-Count Tables 209
5.6 Factors Affecting Pressure Drop 210
5.7 Design Guidelines 212
5.8 Design Strategy 216
5.9 Computer Software 233
Chapter 6: The Delaware Method 260
6.1 Introduction 261
6.2 Ideal Tube Bank Correlations 261
6.3 Shell-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 263
6.4 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 265
6.5 The Flow Areas 269
6.6 Correlations for the Correction Factors 274
6.7 Estimation of Clearances 275
Chapter 7: The Stream Analysis Method 292
7.1 Introduction 293
7.2 The Equivalent Hydraulic Network 293
7.3 The Hydraulic Equations 294
7.4 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 296
7.5 Shell-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 296
7.6 Temperature Profile Distortion 297
7.7 The Wills–Johnston Method 299
7.8 Computer Software 310
Chapter 8: Heat-Exchanger Networks 342
8.1 Introduction 343
8.2 An Example: TC3 343
8.3 Design Targets 344
8.4 The Problem Table 344
8.5 Composite Curves 346
8.6 The Grand Composite Curve 349
8.7 Significance of the Pinch 350
8.8 Threshold Problems and Utility Pinches 352
8.9 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch 352
8.10 Design Strategy 354
8.11 Minimum-Utility Design for TC3 355
8.12 Network Simplification 359
8.13 Number of Shells 362
8.14 Targeting for Number of Shells 363
8.15 Area Targets 368
8.16 The Driving Force Plot 371
8.17 Super Targeting 373
8.18 Targeting by Linear Programming 374
8.19 Computer Software 376
Chapter 9: Boiling Heat Transfer 400
9.1 Introduction 401
9.2 Pool Boiling 401
9.3 Correlations for Nucleate Boiling on Horizontal Tubes 402
9.4 Two-Phase Flow 417
9.5 Convective Boiling in Tubes 431
9.6 Film Boiling 443
Chapter 10: Reboilers 458
10.1 Introduction 459
10.2 Types of Reboilers 459
10.3 Design of Kettle Reboilers 464
10.4 Design of Horizontal Thermosyphon Reboilers 482
10.5 Design of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers 488
10.6 Computer Software 503
Chapter 11: Condensers 554
11.1 Introduction 555
11.2 Types of Condensers 555
11.3 Condensation on a Vertical Surface: Nusselt Theory 560
11.4 Condensation on Horizontal Tubes 564
11.5 Modifications of Nusselt Theory 567
11.6 Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 577
11.7 Condensation on Finned Tubes 583
11.8 Pressure Drop 584
11.9 Mean Temperature Difference 586
11.10 Multi-component Condensation 605
11.11 Computer Software 610
Chapter 12: Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 644
12.1 Introduction 645
12.2 Equipment Description 645
12.3 Air-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 652
12.4 Air-Side Pressure Drop 653
12.5 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 655
12.6 Fan and Motor Sizing 655
12.7 Mean Temperature Difference 658
12.8 Design Guidelines 658
12.9 Design Strategy 659
12.10 Computer Software 668
Appendix 696
Appendix A: Thermophysical Properties of Materials 697
Appendix B: Dimensions of Pipe and Tubing 732
Appendix C: Tube-Count Tables 744
Appendix D: Equivalent Lengths of Pipe Fittings 752
Appendix E: Properties of Petroleum Streams 755
Index 758
A 758
B 758
C 759
D 760
E 761
F 761
G 762
H 763
I 765
J 765
K 765
L 765
M 765
N 766
O 766
P 766
Q 767
R 767
S 767
T 768
U 769
V 770
W 770
X 770
Z 770