Freshwater Algae of North America (eBook)
917 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052188-6 (ISBN)
Key Features
* The first complete accounting of North America's freshwater algal genera in more than 50 years
* Includes a guide to the current literature on species identification in each group of algae
* High-quality photographs and drawings of more than 770 genera
* A clear, easy-to-use introductory key to the diagnostic chapters
* Synthetic chapters on freshwater habitats, use of algae in environmental assessment, and control of nuisance algae
* Contributions from 27 experts in all areas of freshwater algae
* Extensive literature citations
* Companion volume of Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates 2nd edition, edited by Throp and Covich
Freshwater algae are among the most diverse and ubiquitous organisms on earth. They occupy an enormous range of ecological conditions from lakes and rivers to acidic peat swamps, inland saline lakes, snow and ice, damp soils, wetlands, desert soils, wastewater treatment plants, and are symbionts in and on many plants, fungi, and animals. In North America, the variety of freshwater habitats colonized by algae is very rich, and offers an enormous and fascinating range of environments for their study. They form the base of most aquatic food webs and are critical to studies of ecosystem health. Algal ecologists and taxonomists play an important role in the understanding of aquatic ecosystems: their biodiversity, productivity, interactions with other organisms, and water quality. This book provides in one volume a practical and comprehensive guide to the genera of freshwater algae known from North America. The format combines the necessary ecological, taxonomic and methodological information for all scientists working in aquatic environments, whether their specialty is in environmental monitoring and water quality assessment, biological composition, ecology, evolution, or molecular biology.Key Features* The first complete accounting of North America's freshwater algal genera in more than 50 years* Includes a guide to the current literature on species identification in each group of algae* High-quality photographs and drawings of more than 770 genera* A clear, easy-to-use introductory key to the diagnostic chapters* Synthetic chapters on freshwater habitats, use of algae in environmental assessment, and control of nuisance algae* Contributions from 27 experts in all areas of freshwater algae* Extensive literature citations* Companion volume of Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates 2nd edition, edited by Throp and Covich
Front Cover 1
Freshwater Algae of North America 3
Copyright Page 4
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Preface 16
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO FRESHWATER ALGAE 18
I. Introduction 18
II. Classification 22
III. Taxonomic Chapters in This Book 25
Literature Cited 26
CHAPTER 2. FRESHWATER HABITATS OF ALGAE 28
I. What is Fresh Water? 28
II. Lentic Environments 29
III. Lotic Environments 45
IV. Wetlands 55
V. Thermal and Acidic Environments 57
VI. Unusual Environments 59
Literature Cited 62
CHAPTER 3. COCCOID AND COLONIAL CYANOBACTERIA 76
I. Introduction 76
II. Morphology and Diversity 77
III. Ecology and Distribution 80
IV. Collection, Preparation, and Culture 84
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 85
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 127
Literature Cited 127
CHAPTER 4. FILAMENTOUS CYANOBACTERIA 134
I. Introduction 134
II. Morphology 135
III. Ecology 137
IV. Methods 138
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 138
Note Added in Proof 206
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 208
Literature Cited 208
CHAPTER 5. RED ALGAE 214
I. Introduction 214
II. Diversity and Morphology 214
III. Ecology and Distribution 219
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 223
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 224
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 238
Literature Cited 238
CHAPTER 6. FLAGELLATED GREEN ALGAE 242
I. Introduction 242
II. Diversity and Morphology 242
III. Ecology and Distribution 243
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 244
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 244
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 264
Literature Cited 265
CHAPTER 7. NONMOTILE COCCOID AND COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE 270
I. Introduction 270
II. Diversity and Morphology 271
III. Ecology and Distribution 274
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 275
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 276
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 324
Literature Cited 324
CHAPTER 8. FILAMENTOUS AND PLANTLIKE GREEN ALGAE 328
I. Introduction 328
II. Diversity and Morphology 328
III. Classification of Green Algae 329
IV. Ecology and Distribution 330
V. Collection and Preparation of Samples 332
VI. Key and Descriptions of Genera 333
VII. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 364
Literature Cited 366
CHAPTER 9. CONJUGATING GREEN ALGAE AND DESMIDS 370
I. Introduction 370
II. Diversity and Morphology 371
III. Ecology and Distribution 380
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 382
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 382
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 396
Literature Cited 396
CHAPTER 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUGLENOIDS 400
I. Introduction 400
II. Diversity and Morphology 404
III. Ecology and Distribution 422
IV. Collection, Culturing, and Preparation for Identification 425
V. Key and Descriptions of North American Genera 427
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 432
Literature Cited 433
CHAPTER 11. EUSTIGMATOPHYTE, RAPHIDOPHYTE, AND TRIBOPHYTE ALGAE 440
I. General Introduction 440
II. Eustigmatophytes 441
III. Raphidophytes 444
IV. Tribophytes 446
V. Collection and Preparation for Identification 480
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 482
Literature Cited 483
CHAPTER 12. CHRYSOPHYCEAN ALGAE 488
I. Introduction 488
II. Diversity and Morphology 490
III. Ecology 502
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 507
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 508
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 520
Literature Cited 520
CHAPTER 13. HAPTOPHYTE ALGAE 528
I. Introduction 528
II. Diversity and Morphology 529
III. Ecology and Distribution 530
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 531
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 532
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 536
Literature Cited 536
CHAPTER 14. SYNUROPHYTE ALGAE 540
I. Introduction 540
II. Diversity and Morphology 541
III. Ecology and Distribution 551
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 556
V. Keys to Genera and Common Species from North America 558
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 568
Literature Cited 569
CHAPTER 15. CENTRIC DIATOMS 576
I. General Introduction to the Diatoms 576
II. Introduction to Centric Diatoms 579
III. Classification 580
IV. Morphology and Physiology 582
V. Ecology and Evolution 585
VI. Collection and Study Methods 587
VII. Key and Descriptions of Genera 588
VIII. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 604
Literature Cited 605
CHAPTER 16. ARAPHID AND MONORAPHID DIATOMS 612
I. Introduction 612
II. Diversity and Morphology 613
III. Ecology and Distribution 621
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 622
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 622
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 645
Literature Cited 648
CHAPTER 17. SYMMETRICAL NAVICULOID DIATOMS 654
I. Introduction 654
II. Ecology and Distribution 655
III. Key and Descriptions of Genera 656
IV. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 668
Literature Cited 668
CHAPTER 18. EUNOTIOID AND ASYMMETRICAL NAVICULOID DIATOMS 672
I. Introduction 672
II. Diversity and Morphology 673
III. Ecology and Distribution 678
IV. Key and Descriptions of North American Genera 679
V. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 683
Literature Cited 683
CHAPTER 19. KEELED AND CANALLED RAPHID DIATOMS 686
I. Introduction 686
II. Diversity and Morphology 687
III. Ecology and Distribution 688
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 691
V. Keys and Descriptions of Genera 692
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 699
Literature Cited 699
CHAPTER 20. DINOFLAGELLATES 702
I. Introduction 702
II. Morphology and Diversity 704
III. Ecology and Distribution 716
IV. Collection and Preparation for Identification 719
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 720
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 726
Literature Cited 727
CHAPTER 21. CRYPTOMONADS 732
I. Introduction 732
II. Unique Features of Cryptomonads 733
III. Origin of Cryptomonads 753
IV. Ecology 755
V. Collection, Preparation for Isolation, and Culturing 757
VI. Classification, Key, and Descriptions 757
VII. Availability of Cryptomonads 766
VIII. Family Katablepharidaceae 766
Literature Cited 768
CHAPTER 22. BROWN ALGAE 774
I. Introduction 774
II. Diversity and Morphology 775
III. Ecology and Distribution 780
IV. Methods for Collection and Identification 783
V. Key and Descriptions of Genera 784
VI. Guide to Literature for Species Identification 788
Literature Cited 789
CHAPTER 23. USE OF ALGAE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS 792
I. Introduction 792
II. Goals of Environmental Assessment with Algae 793
III. Sampling and Assessing Algal Assemblages for Environmental Assessment 795
IV. Developing Metrics for Hazard Assessment 803
V. Exposure Assessment: What Are Environmental Conditions? 807
VI. Stressor–Response Relations 811
VII. Risk Characterization and Management decisions 812
VIII. Conclusions 813
Literature Cited 814
CHAPTER 24. CONTROL OF NUISANCE ALGAE 822
I. Introduction 822
II. Problems Associated with Algae 822
III. Control Methods for Nuisance Algae 829
Literature Cited 843
Glossary 852
Author Index 866
Subject Index 902
Taxonomic Index 914
1 INTRODUCTION TO FRESHWATER ALGAE
Robert G. Sheath
Office of Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, California State University, San Marcos San Marcos, California 92096, USA
John D. Wehr
Louis Calder Center—Biological Station and Department of Biological Sciences Fordham University, Armonk, New York 10504, USA
I. Introduction
II. Classification
III. Taxonomic Chapters in This Book
I. INTRODUCTION
Algae are treated in this book in the same sense as they are in many introductory phycology texts (e.g., Van den Hoek et al., 1995; Sze 1998; Graham and Wilcox, 2000); that is, they are considered to be a loose group of organisms that have all or most of the following characteristics: aquatic, photosynthetic, simple vegetative structures without a vascular system, and reproductive bodies that lack a sterile layer of protecting cells. As such, algae are no longer regarded as a phylogenetic concept, but still represent an ecologically meaningful and important collection of organisms. Both prokaryotic (cells that have no membrane-bound organelles) and eukaryotic taxa (cells with organelles) are included. In addition, there is a wide range of vegetative morphologies, including the following:
1. Unicells: species that occur as solitary cells that may be nonmotile or motile. Motile cells may have one or more flagella or they may glide. A wide variety of forms exists among unicells, including those contained within a gelatinous sheath (Fig. 1A), with intricate cell walls (Fig. 1B), having flexible cell shapes (Fig. 1C), with two flagella of unequal length (Fig. 1D) or two equal flagella (Fig. 1E), with cells drawn out into hornlike extensions (Fig. 1F), and having cells contained in a hardened case or lorica (Fig. 1G).
2. Colonies: an aggregation of cells that are held together either in a loose (Fig. 1H and I) or tight, well organized fashion (Fig. 2B, D, and E). Depending on the algal taxon, colonies may contain a variable number of cells or they may be constant throughout their development (Fig. 2B). Colonies may contain flagellated or nonflagellated cells. The basis for cellular connection varies among colonies, including a surrounding gelatinous matrix (Fig. 1H and I), gelatinous stalks (Fig. 2A), common parental wall (Fig. 2B), and direct attachment at the cellular edges (Fig. 2C) or at the middle portion of each cell (Fig. 2C). Alternately, cells may be connected via their loricae (Fig. 2E).
3. Pseudofilaments: an aggregation of cells in an end-to-end fashion. The cells are not directly connected to each other; rather, they are spaced apart and contained in a common gelatinous matrix (Fig. 2F).
4. Filaments: a chain or series of cells in which the cells are arranged in an end-to-end manner, where adjacent cells share a common cross wall (Figs. 2H–J, and 3B and C). Linear colonies can be distinguished from true filaments by the fact that abutting colonial cells each possess their own entire walls (Fig. 2D). Filaments may be arranged in a single series (uniseriate or uniaxial) (Fig. 2G–I) or they may be in more than one series of cells (multiseriate or multiaxial) (Fig. 2J). Filaments may be unbranched (Figs. 2G and H) or they can produce branches in a new plane that are morphologically similar to the main axis (Fig. 3B) or that are quite distinct (Fig. 3C). Branching may be dichotomous or forked (Fig. 3B), alternate (Fig. 3C), opposite, or whorled (Fig. 3D). False branches are formed in some cyanobacteria, such as Scytonema (Fig. 2I), by fragmentation and continued growth of one or both fragments. Other types of filaments include those that are heterotrichous, that is, they have a distinct prostrate system with attached erect branches. Differentiated filaments have specialized cells within the chain. The main axis may have a surrounding layer of small cells termed cortication (Fig. 3A).
5. Pseudoparenchymatous structures: tissue-like thalli that consist of closely appressed branches of a uniseriate or multiseriate filament (Fig. 3H). Crustose forms may be composed of short, compacted filaments, such as the brown alga Heribaudiella (Fig. 3F) and the rhodophyte Hildenbrandia (Fig. 3G).
6. Parenchymatous forms: true tissues composed of a solid mass of cells that is three dimensional, variously shaped, and not filamentous in construction. The cells may be differentiated into an outer photosynthetic layer (the cortex) and an inner non-photosynthetic region (the medulla). Most tissue-like forms in freshwater habitats are simple, such as the saccate red alga Boldia, which consists of a single layer of cells (Fig. 3E).
7. Coenocytic or siphonous forms: large multinucleate forms of various shapes without cross walls to separate the nuclei or other organelles. An example is the yellow–green alga Vaucheria (Fig. 3I).
FIGURE 1 Unicellular and colonial forms of freshwater algae. A. Gloeocapsa (cyanobacterium), a unicell to small grouping of cells contained within concentrically layered gelatinous sheaths (arrows). B. Micrasterias (green alga, desmid), a unicell with many regular cell wall incisions (arrows) that form a series of lobes and lobules. C. Euglena (euglenoid), a unicell that does not produce walls and can readily change shape. D. Ochromonas (chrysophycean alga), a unicell with one long and one short apically inserted flagellum (arrows). E. Pyrenomonas (cryptomonad), a unicell with two equal subapically inserted flagella. F. Ceratium (dinoflagellate), a unicell with a theca composed of cellulose plates and cellular extensions or horns (arrows). G. Strombomonas (euglenoid), a flagellated unicell within a rigid lorica (arrow). H. Coelosphaerium (cyanobacterium), a colony with spherical cells loosely arranged at the periphery of a gelatinous matrix. I. Dermatochrysis (chrysophycean alga), a colony with spherical cells in a single layer scattered in a gelatinous matrix that has distinct perforations (arrows). Scale bars = 10 μm.
FIGURE 2 Colonial, pseudofilamentous, and filamentous forms of freshwater algae. A. Porphyridium (red alga), a colony with spherical cells attached together by gelatinous strands (arrows). B. Crucigenia (green alga), a colony with consistent groups of four cells produced inside the walls of the parent cells. C. Tabellaria (diatom), a colony with cells attached at their edges in a zig-zag fashion. D. Asterionella (diatom), a linear colony with cells attached only at the central region. E. Dinobryon (chrysophycean alga), a colony with cells attached by their loricae (arrows). F. Chroodactylon (red alga), a pseudofilament with cells arranged in an end-to-end pattern in a common gelatinous matrix (arrows), but not directly connected to each other. G. Zygnema (green alga), an unbranched filament without a gelatinous matrix. H. Lyngbya (cyanobacterium), an unbranched filament that is contained in a gelatinous sheath that is evident at the filament tip (arrow). I. Scytonema (cyanobacterium), a filament that produces double false branches (arrows) that result from breakage and further growth of each fragment. J. Bangia (red alga), a multiseriate filament in part with at least two cells across (arrows). Scale bars = 10 μm.
FIGURE 3 Filamentous, saclike, crustose, pseudoparenchymatous, and siphonous forms of freshwater algae. A. Compsopogon (red alga), a filamentous form with small cortical cells (arrows) covering the main filament. B. Cladophora (green alga), a filament that has dichotomous (forked) branches (arrows). C. Draparnaldia (green alga), a filament that has tuftlike lateral branches with cells that are considerably smaller than those of the main axis. D. Batrachospermum (red alga), a filament with whorllike lateral branches (arrows). E. Boldia (red alga), a saclike thallus that consists of a single layer of cells. F. Heribaudiella (brown alga), a crust that is tightly adherent to the rock substratum. G. Hildenbrandia (red alga), a cross section of a crust that shows...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 15.12.2002 |
|---|---|
| Mitarbeit |
Herausgeber (Serie): James H. Thorp |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz | |
| Technik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-052188-6 / 0080521886 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-052188-6 / 9780080521886 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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