Atmospheric Ultraviolet Remote Sensing (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Atmospheric Ultraviolet Remote Sensing 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
1.1 Ultraviolet applications 13
1.2 Scope of this book 14
1.3 Intended audience 15
1.4 General references 15
1.5 References 17
Chapter 2. The UV—What, Where, and Why 18
2.1 The ultraviolet defined 18
2.2 Global ultraviolet 22
2.3 Atmospheric ultraviolet 23
2.4 Why use UV? 28
Chapter 3. Radiometry 32
3.1 Photons, watts, and Rayleighs 32
3.2 Radiance and irradiance 34
3.3 Radiometric equations 36
3.4 Spatial considerations 40
3.5 Photon statistics 41
3.6 References 44
Chapter 4. Sensors 46
4.1 Sensitivity 47
4.2 Photometer 48
4.3 Spectrometer 51
4.4 UV imager 56
4.5 Laboratory and space calibration 60
4.6 References 64
Chapter 5. Space Operations 68
5.1 UV absorption considerations 68
5.2 Satellites and orbits 73
5.3 Integration and test 77
5.4 Glows and plumes 79
5.5 Major satellite programs 83
5.6 References 84
Chapter 6. The Earth's Atmosphere 88
6.1 Atmospheric regions 89
6.2 Atmospheric models 93
6.3 References 95
Chapter 7. Solar Photoabsorption 98
7.1 Quiet sun flux values 99
7.2 Solar flux variability 103
7.3 Extinction and absorption 104
7.4 Photodissociation and photoionization 108
7.5 References 111
Chapter 8. Photon Cross Sections 114
8.1 Energy levels and equivalent wavelengths 115
8.2 Absorption and ionization cross sections 115
8.3 References 126
Chapter 9. Airglow 132
9.1 Excitation and measurement 132
9.2 Day airglow 134
9.3 Night airglow 138
9.4 References 145
Chapter 10. Aurora 148
10.1 The auroral oval 149
10.2 Auroral spectroscopy 151
10.3 Auroral emission modeling 160
10.4 References 161
Chapter 11. Scattering and Fluorescence 166
11.1 Rayleigh scattering 166
11.2 Fluorescence 171
11.3 Polar mesospheric clouds 174
11.4 References 178
Chapter 12. Atmospheric Ultraviolet Backgrounds 182
12.1 Day backgrounds 183
12.2 Night backgrounds 192
12.3 Auroral backgrounds 193
12.4 Clutter 194
12.5 References 197
Chapter 13. Radiance and Transmission Codes 200
13.1 LOWTRAN and similar user codes 201
13.2 AURIC UV code 202
13.3 Validation and verification 207
13.4 Related codes 211
13.5 References 212
Chapter 14. Ozone and Lower Atmospheric Composition 218
14.1 Atmospheric ozone 219
14.2 Local stratospheric ozone measurements 224
14.3 Global stratospheric ozone measurements 225
14.4 Minor species 229
14.5 References 230
Chapter 15. Upper Atmospheric Composition and Density 238
15.1 Absorption methods 239
15.2 Fluorescence and scattering methods 243
15.3 Airglow methods 247
15.4 Recommended methods 254
15.5 Atmospheric density 255
15.6 References 256
Chapter 16. Global Auroral Imaging 264
16.1 The aurora from space 264
16.2 Satellite UV imagers 266
16.3 Comparison with other methods 278
16.4 Solar-terrestrial physics applications 281
16.5 References 281
Chapter 17. Ionospheric Electron Density 290
17.1 Radiowaves and electron densities 291
17.2 Electron densities from UV radiance 294
17.3 UV solar flux approaches 302
17.4 Ionospheric irregularities 303
17.5 Global space weather systems 305
17.6 Concluding remarks 309
17.7 References 309
Index 318
International Geophysics Series 329