Solid State Chemistry (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
Chapter 1. The Phase Chemistry of Solids 14
1.1. Phase Changes of Solids, Liquids and Gases 15
1.2. Differences Between the Three States of Matter 22
1.3. The Close-Packed Solid 30
1.4. Phase Relations Between Individual Solids 36
References Cited 40
Problems for Chapter 1 41
Chapter 2. Determining the Structure of Solids 44
2.1. Scientific Basis for Determining the Structure of Solids 44
2.2. Solid State Structure Conventions and Protocols 58
2.3. How to Determine the Structure of Compounds 68
2.4. Symmetry Distribution of Crystals 74
2.5. Phase Relationships Among Two or More Solids 77
Suggested Reading 82
Problems for Chapter 2 83
Chapter 3. Defects in Solids 84
3.1. The Defect Solid 86
3.2. Mathematics and Equations of the Point Defect 101
3.3. Non-Stoichiometric Solids 108
3.4. Defect Equation Symbolism 111
3.5. Some Applications For Defect Chemistry 112
3.6. Defect Equilibria and Their Energy 114
3.7. Defect Equilibria in Various Types of Compounds 116
3.8. The Effects of Purity (And Impurities) 123
Appendix I. Concentrations of Defects in Non-Ionized and Non-Stoichiometric Compounds 128
A. Defects in Non-Stoichiometric MXs +- d Compounds 128
Appendix II: Analysis of a Real Crystal Using the Thermodynamic Method 131
A. The AgBr Crystal with a Divalent Impurity, Cd 2+ 131
B. Defect Disorder in AgBr- A Thermodynamic Approach 133
Appendix III: Statistical Mechanics and the Point Defect 137
Chapter 4. Mechanisms and Reactions in the Solid State 142
4.1. Phase Changes 143
4.2. The Role of Phase Boundaries in Solid State Reactions 145
4.3. Reaction Rate Processes in Solids 151
4.4. Defining Heterogeneous Nucleation Processes 153
4.5. The Tarnishing Reaction 159
4.6. Fick's Laws of Diffusion 161
4.7. Diffusion Mechanisms 164
4.8. Analysis of Diffusion Reactions 169
4.9. Diffusion in Silicates 174
4.10. Diffusion Mechanisms When the Cation Changes Valence 184
Problems for Chapter 4 188
Appendix I- Math Associated with Nucleation Models of 4.4.1. 190
Appendix II- Math Associated with Incipient Nuclei Growth 195
Appendix III- Homogenous Nucleation Processes 197
Appendix IV- Diffusion Equations Relating to Fundamental 201
Chapter 5. Particles and Particle Technology 204
5.1. Sequences in Particle Growth 205
5.2. Sintering, Sintering Processes and Grain Growth 206
5.3. Particle Size 216
5.4. Particle Distributions 220
5.5. Particle Distributions and the Binomial Theorem 222
5.6. Measuring Particle Distributions 226
5.7. Analysis of Particle Distribution Parameters 230
5.8. Types of Log Normal Particle Distributions 235
5.9. A Typical PSD Calculation 242
5.10. Methods of Measuring Particle Distributions 245
Suggested Reading 261
Chapter 6. Growth of Crystals 264
6.1. Methods of Growth of Crystals 265
6.2. Furnace Construction 266
6.3. Steps in Growing a Single Crystal 271
6.4. Czochralski Growth of Single Crystals 273
6.5. The Bridgeman-Stockbarger Method for Crystal Growth 283
6.6. Zone Melting as a Means for Forming Single Crystals 287
6.7. Zone Refining 289
6.8. The Impurity Leveling Factor 292
6.9. The Verneuil Method of Crystal Growth 295
6.10. Molten Flux Growth of Crystals 298
6.11. Hydrothermal Growth 301
6.12. Vapor Methods Used for Single Crystal Growth 305
6.13. Edge Defined Crystal Growth 308
6.14. Melting and Stoichiometry 309
6.15. Actual Imperfections in Crystals 312
6.16. Electronic Properties of Crystals 315
6.17. Silicon Single Crystals and Integrated Circuits 321
6.18. Future Methods for Manufacture of Integrated Circuits 350
6.19. Pushing the Limits of Semi-Conductor Technology 352
6.20. The Solar Cell 356
6.21. Piezo-electric materials and Their Uses 365
Suggested Reading 367
References on Silicon Devices 367
Problems for Chapter 6 368
Chapter 7. Measurement of Solid State Phenomena 370
7.1. Methods of Measurement of Solid State Reactions 370
7.2. Utilization of DTA and DSC 389
7.3. Thermogravimetry 394
7.4. Determination of Rate Processes in Solid State Reactions 401
7.5. Dilatometry 407
7.6. Thermometry 414
7.7. Application of Dilatometry to Plastic Materials 416
7.8. Optical Measurements of Solids 418
7.9. Color Spaces 445
Recommended Reading 451
Problems for Chapter 7 452
Subject Index 456