Non-Newtonian Flow (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 12
Acknowledgements 16
Chapter 1. Non-Newtonian fluid behaviour 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Classification of fluid behaviour 18
1.3 Time-independent fluid behaviour 23
1.4 Time-dependent fluid behaviour 32
1.5 Visco-elastic fluid behaviour 36
1.6 Dimensional considerations for visco-elastic fluids 45
1.7 Further Reading 51
1.8 References 52
1.9 Nomenclature 53
Chapter 2. Rheometry for non-Newtonian fluids 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Capillary viscometers 54
2.3 Rotational viscometers 59
2.4 The controlled stress rheometer 67
2.5 Yield stress measurements 69
2.6 Normal stress measurements 73
2.7 Oscillatory shear measurements 74
2.8 High frequency techniques 80
2.9 The relaxation time spectrum 82
2.10 Extensional flow measurements 83
2.11 Further reading 86
2.12 References 86
2.13 Nomenclature 88
Chapter 3. Flow in pipes and in conduits of non-circular cross-sections 90
3.1 Introduction 90
3.2 Laminar flow in circular tubes 91
3.3 Criteria for transition from laminar to turbulent flow 107
3.4 Friction factors for transitional and turbulent conditions 112
3.5 Laminar flow between two infinite parallel plates 135
3.6 Laminar flow in a concentric annulus 139
3.7 Laminar flow of inelastic fluids in non-circular ducts 150
3.8 Miscellaneous frictional losses 157
3.9 Selection of pumps 166
3.10 Further reading 174
3.11 References 174
3.12 Nomenclature 176
Chapter 4. Flow of multi-phase mixtures in pipes 179
4.1 Introduction 179
4.2 Two–phase gas–non–Newtonian liquid flow 180
4.3 Two–phase liquid–solid flow (hydraulic transport) 214
4.4 Further reading 219
4.5 References 219
4.6 Nomenclature 221
Chapter 5. Particulate systems 223
5.1 Introduction 223
5.2 Drag force on a sphere 224
5.3 Effect of particle shape on terminal falling velocity and drag force 240
5.4 Motion of bubbles and drops 241
5.5 Flow of a liquid through beds of particles 245
5.6 Flow through packed beds of particles (porous media) 247
5.7 Liquid–solid fluidisation 266
5.8 Further reading 272
5.9 References 272
5.10 Nomenclature 275
Chapter 6. Heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids in pipes 277
6.1 Introduction 277
6.2 Thermo-physical properties 278
6.3 Laminar flow in circular tubes 281
6.4 Fully-developed heat transfer to power-law fluids in laminar flow 282
6.5 Isothermal tube wall 284
6.6 Constant heat flux at tube wall 294
6.7 Effect of temperature-dependent physical properties on heat transfer 298
6.8 Effect of viscous energy dissipation 300
6.9 Heat transfer in transitional and turbulent flow in pipes 302
6.10 Further reading 302
6.11 References 303
6.12 Nomenclature 304
Chapter 7. Momentum, heat and mass transfer in boundary layers 306
7.1 Introduction 306
7.2 Integral momentum equation 308
7.3 Laminar boundary layer flow of power-law liquids over a plate 310
7.4 Laminar boundary layer flow of Bingham plastic fluids over a plate 314
7.5 Transition criterion and turbulent boundary layer flow 319
7.6 Heat transfer in boundary layers 320
7.7 Mass transfer in laminar boundary layer flow of power-law fluids 328
7.8 Boundary layers for visco-elastic fluids 330
7.9 Practical correlations for heat and mass transfer 331
7.10 Heat and mass transfer by free convection 335
7.11 Further reading 338
7.12 References 338
7.13 Nomenclature 339
Chapter 8. Liquid mixing 341
8.1 Introduction 341
8.2 Liquid mixing 344
8.3 Gas-liquid mixing 376
8.4 Heat transfer 382
8.5 Mixing equipment and its selection 391
8.6 Mixing in continuous systems 401
8.7 Further reading 405
8.8 References 406
8.9 Nomenclature 408
Problems 410
Index 440