Plastics Engineering (eBook)

Cover 1
Plastics Engineering 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface to the Third Edition 12
Preface to the Second Edition 14
Preface to the First Edition 16
Chapter 1. General Properties of Plastics 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Polymeric Materials 19
1.3 Plastics Available to the Designer 23
1.4 Selection of Plastics 35
Chapter 2. Mechanical Behaviour of Plastics 58
2.1 Introduction 58
2.2 Viscoelastic Behaviour of Plastics 59
2.3 Short-Term Testing of Plastics 60
2.4 Long-Term Testing of Plastics 62
2.5 Design Methods for Plastics using Deformation Data 65
2.6 Thermal Stresses and Strains 78
2.7 Multi-layer Mouldings 83
2.8 Design of Snap Fits 88
2.9 Design of Ribbed Sections 91
2.10 Stiffening Mechanisms in Other Moulding Situations 98
2.11 Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Behaviour 101
2.12 Intermittent Loading 112
2.13 Dynamic Loading of Plastics 127
2.14 Time–Temperature Superposition 133
2.15 Fracture Behaviour of Unreinforced Plastics 136
2.16 The Concept of Stress Concentration 138
2.17 Energy Approach to Fracture 138
2.18 Stress Intensity Factor Approach to Fracture 144
2.19 General Fracture Behaviour of Plastics 148
2.20 Creep Failure of Plastics 151
2.21 Fatigue of Plastics 155
2.22 Impact Behaviour of Plastics 164
Chapter 3. Mechanical Behaviour of Composites 185
3.1 Deformation Behaviour of Reinforced Plastics 185
3.2 Types of Reinforcement 185
3.3 Types of Matrix 187
3.4 Forms of Fibre Reinforcement in Composites 188
3.5 Analysis of Continuous Fibre Composites 189
3.6 Deformation Behaviour of a Single Ply or Lamina 199
3.7 Summary of Approach to Analysis of Unidirectional Composites 205
3.8 General Deformation Behaviour of a Single Ply 212
3.9 Deformation Behaviour of Laminates 219
3.10 Summary of Steps to Predict Stiffness of Symmetric Laminates 223
3.11 General Deformation Behaviour of Laminates 225
3.12 Analysis of Multi-layer Isotropic Materials 235
3.13 Analysis of Non-symmetric Laminates 240
3.14 Analysis of Short Fibre Composites 243
3.15 Creep Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Plastics 249
3.16 Strength of Fibre Composites 249
3.17 Fatigue Behaviour of Reinforced Plastics 255
3.18 Impact Behaviour of Reinforced Plastics 257
Chapter 4. Processing of Plastics 262
4.1 Introduction 262
4.2 Extrusion 263
4.3 Injection Moulding 295
4.4 Thermoforming 323
4.5 Calendering 330
4.6 Rotational Moulding 335
4.7 Compression Moulding 340
4.8 Transfer Moulding 343
4.9 Processing Reinforced Thermoplastics 344
4.10 Processing Reinforced Thermosets 345
Chapter 5. Analysis of polymer melt flow 360
5.1 Introduction 360
5.2 General Behaviour of Polymer Melts 361
5.3 Isothermal Flow in Channels: Newtonian Fluids 363
5.4 Rheological Models for Polymer Melt Flow 368
5.5 Isothermal Flow in Channels: Non-Newtonian Fluids 371
5.6 Isothermal Flow in Non-Uniform Channels 374
5.7 Elastic Behaviour of Polymer Melts 380
5.8 Residence and Relaxation Times 384
5.9 Temperature Rise in Die 385
5.10 Experimental Methods Used to Obtain Flow Data 386
5.11 Analysis of Flow in Some Processing Operations 392
5.12 Analysis of Heat Transfer during Polymer Processing 408
5.13 Calculation of Clamping force 418
Appendix A. Structure of Plastics 430
A.1 Structure of Long Molecules 430
A.2 Conformation of the Molecular Chain 432
A.3 Arrangement of Molecular Chains 437
Appendix B. Solution of Differential Equations 442
Appendix C. Stress/Strain Relationships 443
Appendix D. Stresses in Cylindrical Shapes 446
Appendix E. Introduction to Matrix Algebra 448
E.1 Matrix definitions 448
E.2 Matrix multiplication 449
E.3 Matrix addition and subtraction 449
E.4 Inversion of a matrix 450
E.5 Symmetric matrix 450
Appendix F. Abbreviations for some Common Polymers 451
Solutions to Questions 452
Index 518