Ice Microdynamics (eBook)

Cover 1
TOC$CONTENTS 8
Preface 10
Part 1: Shape and Microdynamics of Ice Particles and Their Effects in Cirrus Clouds 12
CH$Chapter 1. Ice Particles in the Atmosphere 12
1.1 Ice Particles—A Personal Perspective 12
1.2 Some Historical Notes on the Knowledge of Ice Particles in Ancient China 14
1.3 A Brief Summary of the Following Sections 17
CH$Chapter 2. Mathematical Descriptions of Ice Particle Size and Shape 18
2.1 Size Distribution versus Size-Shape Distributions 18
2.2 Mathematical Expression Describing the Two-Dimensional Shapes of Hexagonal Ice Crystals 20
2.3 Approximating an Exact Hexagonal Plate 22
2.4 Two-Dimensional Characterization of an Ensemble of Planar Hexagonal Ice Crystals 24
2.5 Mathematical Expressions Describing the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Ice Crystals 29
2.6 Mathematical Expressions Describing Conical Hydrometeors 41
CH$Chapter 3. Hydrodynamics of Ice Particles 54
3.1 Fall Attitude of Ice Particles 54
3.2 Review of Previous Studies 55
3.3 The Physics and Mathematics of Unsteady Flow Fields around Nonspherical Ice Particles 56
3.4 The Numerical Scheme 60
3.5 Results and Discussion 64
CH$Chapter 4. Vapor Diffusion, Ventilation, and Collisional Efficiencies of Ice Crystals 120
4.1 Introduction 120
4.2 Vapor Diffusion Fields around a Stationary Columnar Ice Crystal 121
4.3 Ventilation Coefficients for Falling Ice Crystals 135
4.4 Collision Efficiencies of Ice Crystals Collecting Supercooled Droplets 148
CH$Chapter 5. Scavenging and Transportation of Aerosol Particles by Ice Crystals in Clouds 163
5.1 Importance of Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere 163
5.2 Physical Mechanisms of Precipitation Scavenging 164
5.3 The Theoretical Problem of Ice Scavenging of Aerosol Particles 166
5.4 Physics and Mathematics of the Models 167
5.5 Efficiencies of Ice Plates Collecting Aerosol Particles 175
5.6 Efficiencies of Columnar Ice Crystals Collecting Aerosol Particles 183
5.7 Comparison of Collection Efficiency of Aerosol Particles by Individual Water Droplets, Ice Plates, and Ice Columns 189
5.8 Experimental Verification of Collection Efficiencies 199
CH$Chapter 6. Evolution of Ice Crystals in the Development of Cirrus Clouds 208
6.1 Cirrus Clouds, Radiation, and Climate 208
6.2 Physics of the Model 210
6.3 Design of the Present Simulation Study 222
6.4 Numerics of the Model 229
6.5 Results and Discussion 230
Appendix A. Area of an Axial Cross Section 257
Appendix B. Calculation of Volume 259
Appendix C. Closed-Form Expression of the Conical Volume 260
References 263
IDX$Index 270