Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 16
Preface 20
Hints from History: A Foreword 26
Part I: Introduction 32
Chapter 1. Concepts, Terms, Notation 34
I. Introduction 34
II. Independent Scattering 35
III. Reference Frames and Particle Orientation 36
IV. Amplitude Matrix 38
V. Stokes Parameters 40
VI. Phase Matrix 42
VII. Total Optical Cross Sections 43
VIII. Dichroism and Extinction Matrix 44
IX. Reciprocity 45
X. Ensemble Averaging 46
XI. Scattering Matrix and Macroscopically Isotropic and Symmetric Media 48
XII. Multiple Scattering and Radiative Transfer Equation 53
XIII. Appendix: Geometrical Interpretation of Stokes Parameters and the Rotation Transformation Law for I, Q, U, and V 55
Chapter 2. Overview of Scattering by Nonspherical Particles 60
I. Introduction 61
II. Exact Theories and Numerical Techniques 62
III. Approximations 76
IV. Measurements 80
V. Manifestations of Nonsphericity in Electromagnetic Scattering 85
VI. Abbreviations 90
Chapter 3. Basic Relationships for Matrices Describing Scattering by Small Particles 92
I. Introduction 92
II. Relationships for Scattering by One Particle in a Fixed Orientation 93
III. Relationships for Single Scattering by a Collection of Particles 105
IV. Testing Matrices Describing Scattering by Small Particles 108
V. Discussion and Outlook 113
Part II: Theoretical and Numerical Techniques 118
Chapter 4. Separation of Variables for Electromagnetic Scattering by Spheroidal Particles 120
I. Introduction 121
II. Spheroidal Coordinate Systems 122
III. Spheroidal Wave Functions 123
IV. Spheroidal Vector Wave Functions 129
V. Electromagnetic Scattering by a Coated Lossy Spheroid 131
VI. Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Chiral Spheroid 140
VII. Scattering by Systems of Arbitrarily Oriented Spheroids 145
Chapter 5. The Discrete Dipole Approximation for Light Scattering by Irregular Targets 162
I. Introduction 162
II. What Is the Discrete Dipole Approximation? 163
III. The DDSCAT Scattering Code 164
IV. Dipole Array Geometry 165
V. Target Generation 165
VI. Dipole Polarizabilities 167
VII. Accuracy and Validity Criteria 168
VIII. Solution Method 168
IX. Computational Requirements 170
X. Benchmark Calculations: Scattering by Tetrahedra 171
XI. Summary 175
Chapter 6. T-Matrix Method and Its Applications 178
I. Introduction 178
II. The T-Matrix Approach 179
III. Analytical Averaging over Orientations 183
IV. Computation of the T Matrix for Single Particles 188
V. Aggregated and Composite Particles 191
VI. Public-Domain T-Matrix Codes 197
VII. Applications 201
Chapter 7. Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Light Scattering by Nonspherical and Inhomogeneous Particles 204
I. Introduction 205
II. Conceptual Basis of the Finite Difference Time Domain Method 206
III. Finite Difference Equations for the Near Field 209
IV. Absorbing Boundary Condition 225
V. Field in Frequency Domain 232
VI. Transformation of Near Field to Far Field 235
VII. Scattering Properties of Aerosols and Ice Crystals 242
VIII. Conclusions 251
Part III: Compounded, Heterogeneous, and Irregular Particles 254
Chapter 8. Electromagnetic Scattering by Compounded Spherical Particles 256
I. Introduction 257
II. Historical Overview 257
III. Scattering and Absorption of Light by Homogeneous and Concentrically Stratified Spheres 260
IV. Eccentric Two-Sphere Systems 271
V. Aggregates of NS Arbitrarily Configured Spheres 274
VI. Cluster T Matrix and Random-Orientation Properties 284
VII. Measurements and Applications 287
VIII. Vector Addition Theorem 298
Chapter 9. Effective Medium Approximations for Heterogeneous Particles 304
I. Introduction 305
II. Effective Medium Approximations 306
III. Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Function 308
IV. Dynamic Effective Medium Approximation 313
V. Extended Effective Medium Approximations 321
VI. Comparison with Other Approximations, Models, and Measurements 324
VII. Operational Definition of an Effective Dielectric Constant 337
VIII. Conclusions 338
Chapter 10. Monte Carlo Calculations of Light Scattering by Large Particles with Multiple Internal Inclusions 340
I. Introduction 340
II. Ray-Tracing/Monte Carlo Technique 341
III. Results 344
IV. Analytic Approximation 351
V. Conclusions 353
Chapter 11. Light Scattering by Stochastically Shaped Particles 354
I. Introduction 354
II. Stochastic Geometry 358
III. Scattering by Gaussian Particles 366
IV. Conclusion 380
Part IV: Laboratory Measurements 384
Chapter 12. Measuring Scattering Matrices of Small Particles at Optical Wavelengths 386
I. Introduction 386
II. Mueller Matrices and Polarization Modulation 387
III. Experimental Setup 391
IV. Tests 392
V. Results 393
Chapter 13. Microwave Analog to Light-Scattering Measurements 398
I. Introduction 398
II. Analog Materials 399
III. Measurement Principles 401
IV. Measurements 409
V. Discussion 420
Part V: Applications 422
Chapter 14. Lidar Backscatter Depolarization Technique for Cloud and Aerosol Research 424
I. Introduction 424
II. Theoretical Background 426
III. Polarization Lidar Design Considerations 430
IV. Aerosol Research 434
V. Water and Mixed-Phase Cloud Research 437
VI. Cirrus Cloud Research 439
VII. Precipitation and the Phase Change 442
VIII. Conclusions and Outlook 445
Chapter 15. Light Scattering and Radiative Transfer in Ice Crystal Clouds: Applications to Climate Research 448
I. Introduction 449
II. Unified Theory for Light Scattering by Ice Crystals 449
III. Application to Remote Sensing and Climate Research 466
IV. Summary 478
Chapter 16. Centimeter and Millimeter Wave Scattering from Nonspherical Hydrometeors 482
I. Introduction 482
II. Polarimetric Radar Parameters 483
III. Hydrometeor Models 487
IV. Scattering Characteristics of Hydrometeors 490
V. Discrimination of Hydrometeors with Polarimetric Radar 501
VI. Quantitative Estimation with Polarimetric Radar 507
Chapter 17. Microwave Scattering by Precipitation 512
I. Introduction 513
II. Review of Previous Work 516
III. Mathematical Formulation 530
IV. Examples of Model Atmosphere Simulations and Results 543
V. Conclusions and Recommendations 550
VI. Appendix A. Particle Size Distribution: N(r) versus N(D) 553
VII. Appendix B. Particle Size Distribution: Equivalent Spheres 553
VIII. Appendix C. Use of Power Law Distribution in T-Matrix Method 555
Chapter 18. Polarized Light Scattering in the Marine Environment 556
I. Introduction 556
II. Analytical Description of Light Scattering 558
III. Experimental Measurement Techniques 564
IV. Polarized Light Scattering in the Marine Atmosphere 567
V. Polarized Light Scattering in the Submarine Environment 574
VI. Polarized Light Scattering in Sea Ice 582
VII. Conclusions 584
Chapter 19. Scattering Properties of Interplanetary Dust Particles 586
I. Introduction 586
II. Observations of Zodiacal Light and Their Interpretation 589
III. Dust in the Solar System: Complementary View 599
IV. Shape Models for Dust Particles 603
V. Light Scattering by Cosmic Dust Particles 609
VI. Discussion 613
Chapter 20. Biophysical and Biomedical Applications of Nonspherical Scattering 616
I. Introduction 616
II. Theoretical Framework 618
III. Experimental Techniques 627
IV. Concluding Remarks 633
References 634
Index 706