Radioactivity: Introduction and History -  Michael F. L'Annunziata

Radioactivity: Introduction and History (eBook)

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2007 | 1. Auflage
632 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-054888-3 (ISBN)
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Radioactivity: Introduction and History provides an introduction to radioactivity from natural and artificial sources on earth and radiation of cosmic origins. This book answers many questions for the student, teacher, and practitioner as to the origins, properties, detection and measurement, and applications of radioactivity. Written at a level that most students and teachers can appreciate, it includes many calculations that students and teachers may use in class work. Radioactivity: Introduction and History also serves as a refresher for experienced practitioners who use radioactive sources in his or her field of work. Also included are historical accounts of the lives and major achievements of many famous pioneers and Nobel Laureates who have contributed to our knowledge of the science of radioactivity.
* Provides entry-level overview of every form of radioactivity including natural and artificial sources, and radiation of cosmic origin.
* Includes many solved problems to practical questions concerning nuclear radiation and its interaction with matter
* Historical accounts of the major achievements of pioneers and Nobel Laureates, who have contributed to our current knowledge of radioactivity

Michael F. L'Annunziata earned his undergraduate B.Sc. degree in Chemistry in 1965 from St. Edward's University and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in 1967 and 1970 at the University of Arizona. His graduate thesis research in the 1960s was carried out under a research contract with the then U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (U.S. AEC). The research work dealt with the analysis of radionuclides and chemical remediation of the environment in the event of possible nuclear war and fission product fallout. His main research interests have been focused on the development of chemical and instrumental methods for the detection and measurement of radioactive nuclides and the utilization of radionuclides as tracers in biological research. L'Annunziata was formerly Head of Fellowships and Training at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria; and he has served as a representative for the IAEA in fact-finding, planning, and implementation assignments on peaceful applications of nuclear energy for development in over 50 countries of the world from 1976 to 2007. He is the author and editor of several books including 'Radionuclide Tracers, Their Detection and Measurement” published in 1987 and the 'Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis” now in its third edition published in 2012. His more lengthy biography has been included in the annual editions of 'Who's Who in the World” from 1987 to 2016.
Radioactivity: Introduction and History provides an introduction to radioactivity from natural and artificial sources on earth and radiation of cosmic origins. This book answers many questions for the student, teacher, and practitioner as to the origins, properties, detection and measurement, and applications of radioactivity. Written at a level that most students and teachers can appreciate, it includes many calculations that students and teachers may use in class work. Radioactivity: Introduction and History also serves as a refresher for experienced practitioners who use radioactive sources in his or her field of work. Also included are historical accounts of the lives and major achievements of many famous pioneers and Nobel Laureates who have contributed to our knowledge of the science of radioactivity.* Provides entry-level overview of every form of radioactivity including natural and artificial sources, and radiation of cosmic origin.* Includes many solved problems to practical questions concerning nuclear radiation and its interaction with matter * Historical accounts of the major achievements of pioneers and Nobel Laureates, who have contributed to our current knowledge of radioactivity

Cover 1
Contents 8
Foreword 12
Preface 14
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 18
Introduction: Radioactivity and Our Well-Being 24
1 Human Health 26
2 Biological Research 33
3 Food and Agriculture 38
4 Water Resources 50
5 Marine Resources 52
6 Industrial Applications 55
7 Nuclear Power 64
8 Summary 68
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part I: for Chapter 1 70
Chapter 1: Alpha Radiation 94
1.1 Introduction 94
1.2 Decay Energy 94
1.3 Alpha-Particle Interactions with Matter 98
1.4 Alpha-Particle Ranges 101
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part II: for Chapter 2 108
Chapter 2: Beta Radiation 142
2.1 Introduction 142
2.2 Negatrons 142
2.3 Positrons 147
2.4 Beta-Particle Absorption and Transmission 152
2.5 Stopping Power and Linear Energy Transfer 155
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part III: for Chapter 3 164
Chapter 3: Gamma- and X-Radiation„Photons 210
3.1 Introduction 210
3.2 Dual Nature: Wave and Particle 210
3.3 Gamma Radiation 214
3.4 Annihilation Radiation 218
3.5 Cherenkov Radiation 219
3.6 X-Radiation 219
3.7 Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter 224
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part IV: for Chapter 4 240
Chapter 4: Neutron Radiation 276
4.1 Introduction 276
4.2 Neutron Classification 276
4.3 Sources of Neutrons 283
4.4 Interactions of Neutrons with Matter 299
4.5 Neutron Attenuation and Cross-Sections 304
4.6 Neutron Decay 310
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part V: for Chapter 5 312
Chapter 5: Atomic Electron Radiation 364
5.1 Introduction 364
5.2 Internal-Conversion Electrons 364
5.3 Auger Electrons 367
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part VI: for Chapter 6 370
Chapter 6: Cosmic Radiation 422
6.1 Introduction 422
6.2 Classification and Properties 423
6.3 Showers of the Cosmic Radiation 429
6.4 Cosmic Rays Underground 434
6.5 Origins of Cosmic Radiation 435
6.6 Cosmic Background Radiation 435
6.7 Dose from Cosmic Radiation and Other Sources 444
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part VII: for Chapter 7 450
Chapter 7: Cherenkov Radiation 488
7.1 Introduction 488
7.2 Theory and Properties 490
7.3 Cherenkov Photons from Gamma-Ray Interactions 505
7.4 Particle Identification (PID) 508
7.5 Applications in Radionuclide Analysis 515
Radioactivity Hall of Fame„Part VIII: for Chapter 8 520
Chapter 8: Radionuclide Decay, Mass, and Radioactivity Units 552
8.1 Introduction 552
8.2 Half-Life 552
8.3 General Decay Equations 561
8.4 Secular Equilibrium 562
8.5 Transient Equilibrium 567
8.6 No Equilibrium 570
8.7 More Complex Decay Schemes 571
8.8 Radioactivity Units and Radionuclide Mass 572
Appendix A: Particle Range–Energy Correlations 576
Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements 580
References 582
Index 620

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