Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Recent Advances, Techniques and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 8
Foreword 6
Preface 7
Contributors 21
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO RECENT ADVANCES, TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS 26
1. THE HANDBOOK OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 26
2. THE LITERATURE OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 27
3. NOMENCLATURE 31
4. RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNIQUES 31
5. ADVANCES IN APPLICATIONS 32
6. KINETICS 34
7. ADDITIONAL TOPICS 35
8. QUALITY CONTROL 37
CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENTS IN NOMENCLATURE 38
1. INTRODUCTION 38
2. 2006 ICTAC NOMENCLATURE OF THERMAL ANALYSIS 39
3. COMMENTS ON THE 2006 ICTAC NOMENCLATURE OF THERMAL ANALYSIS 49
4. A CONVENIENT NOMENCLATURE FOR CALORIMETERS 53
5. OTHER POSSIBLE NOMENCLATURES FOR CALORIMETERS 62
6. CONCLUSIONS 76
7. REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER 3. MICRO-THERMAL ANALYSIS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES 80
1. INTRODUCTION 80
2. SCANNING THERMAL MICROSCOPY (STHM) 82
3. LOCALISED THERMAL ANALYSIS 92
4. LOCALISED CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 103
5. CONCLUSIONS 109
6. REFERENCES 109
CHAPTER 4. PULSE THERMAL ANALYSIS 118
1. INTRODUCTION 118
2. EXPERIMENTAL 119
3. CALIBRATION OF SPECTROMETRIC SIGNALS IN HYPHENATED THERMOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 120
4. QUANTIFICATION OF THE SPECTROMETRIC SIGNALS IN A TA-MS-FTIR SYSTEM 126
5. INJECTION OF A GAS WHICH REACTS WITH THE SOLID 137
6. INJECTION OF A GAS WHICH ADSORBS ON THE SOLID 149
7. CONCLUSIONS 154
8. REFERENCES 155
CHAPTER 5. THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE 158
1. HIGH SENSITIVITY BALANCES: THEIR ROLE IN THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 158
2. EARLY HISTORY OF THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE 159
3. THE LITERATURE OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND OF THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE 160
4. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE (QCM) 167
5. DETECTION ELECTRONICS 172
6. IS THE TRANSVERSE SHEAR MODE RESONATOR A TRUE MICROBALANCE? 173
7. PRACTICAL DETAILS 175
8. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE QCM 177
9. SENSORS 184
10. THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE/HEAT CONDUCTION CALORIMETER 186
11. REFERENCES 191
CHAPTER 6. HEATING STAGE SPECTROSCOPY: INFRARED, RAMAN, ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 196
1. INFRARED EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 196
2. HEATING STAGE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 207
3. THERMAL STUDIES OF MATERIALS USING HEATING AND COOLING STAGE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY NALYSIS 213
4. HEATING STAGE PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) 225
5. CONCLUSIONS 231
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 231
7. REFERENCES 231
CHAPTER 7. ELECTRICAL TECHNIQUES 234
1. INTRODUCTION 234
2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 241
3. DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY IN MODEL SYSTEMS AND ASSIGNMENT OF MOLECULAR MOTIONS 249
4. THERMALLY STIMULATED DEPOLARIZATION CURRENTS 278
5. CONCLUSIONS 284
6. REFERENCES 285
CHAPTER 8. BENEFITS AND POTENTIALS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (HPer DSC) 294
1. INTRODUCTION 294
2. MAJOR CHALLENGES 295
3. HIGH-SPEED CALORIMETRY 301
4. CONCLUSIONS 320
5. REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER 9. DYNAMIC PULSE CALORIMETRY– THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND LIQUID METALS AND ALLOYS 324
1. INTRODUCTION- THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 324
2. DYNAMIC PULSE CALORIMETRY (PULSE-HEATING) 326
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION 329
4. EXPERIMENTAL DATA- IRIDIUM 350
5. RECENTLY DEVELOPED (SPECIAL) APPLICATIONS OF PULSE CALORIMETRY 354
6. UNCERTAINTIES 358
6. FURTHER READING 358
7. CONCLUSIONS 359
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 359
9. REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 10. SURFACE PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES 368
1. INTRODUCTION 368
2. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED NANOMATERIALS 374
3. TECHNIQUES USED 376
4. EXAMPLES OF STUDIES ON SELECTED MATERIALS 384
5. SUMMARY 407
6. REFERENCES 409
CHAPTER 11. HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS ON SOLIDS 412
1. INTRODUCTION 412
2. EXPERIMENTAL 413
3. ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF CATALYST SURFACES 426
4. REDOX PROPERTIES OF CATALYST SURFACES 446
5. CORRELATION WITH CATALYTIC ACTIVITY 451
6. CONCLUSIONS 455
7. REFERENCES 456
CHAPTER 12. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND INORGANICS 464
1. INTRODUCTION 464
2. REVIEWS 465
3. USE OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND INORGANICS TO DEVELOP NEW METHODS 466
4. INORGANICS 470
5. METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS: COORDINATION POLYMERS 494
6. REFERENCES 518
CHAPTER 13. ISOCONVERSIONAL KINETICS 528
1. INTRODUCTION 528
2. ISOCONVERSIONAL METHODS 529
3. CONCEPT OF VARIABLE ACTIVATION ENERGY 533
4. KINETICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES 537
5. KINETICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES 547
6. ISOCONVERSIONAL METHODS AND THE KINETIC TRIPLET 554
7. CONCLUSIONS 559
8. REFERENCES 560
CHAPTER 14. THERMOCHEMISTRY 564
1. INTRODUCTION 564
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 567
3. REFERENCE MATERIALS 582
4. THERMOCHEMICAL DATA BASES FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 583
5. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 584
6. COMPUTATIONAL THERMOCHEMISTRY 586
7. THERMOCHEMISTRY AS A POWERFUL TOOL TO SOLVE ACTUAL CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 587
8. CONCLUSIONS 592
9. REFERENCES 592
CHAPTER 15. THERMAL ANALYSIS AND RHEOLOGY 604
1. INTRODUCTION 604
2. PARAFFIN WAXES 605
3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 606
4. APPLICATIONS 609
5. CONCLUSIONS 620
6. REFERENCES 620
CHAPTER 16. POLYMORPHISM 622
1. INTRODUCTION 622
2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN POLYMORPHIC RESEARCH 624
3. THERMAL ANALYSIS IN STUDIES OF CRYSTAL POLYMORPHISM 628
4. RECENT STUDIES 636
5. CONCLUSIONS 651
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 651
7. REFERENCES 651
CHAPTER 17. DENTAL MATERIALS 656
1. INTRODUCTION 656
2. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS IN DENTISTRY 656
3. DENTAL POLYMER MATERIALS 672
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 683
5. REFERENCES 683
CHAPTER 18. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL METHODS 688
1. INTRODUCTION 688
2. APPLICATION TO PENETRATION OF DRUGS INTO THE SKIN 689
3. APPLICATION TO DRUG DELIVERY 700
4. APPLICATION TO IMPLANTS 702
5. APPLICATIONS TO PROSTHETICS 710
6. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS 712
7. CONCLUSIONS 715
8. REFERENCES 716
CHAPTER 19. QUALITY CONTROL 720
1. INTRODUCTION 720
2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 721
3. POLYMERS 723
4. ORGANIC CHEMICALS 729
5. PHARMACEUTICALS 734
6. FOODS 740
7. INORGANIC CHEMICALS 747
8. METALS 749
9. OTHER REFERENCES 753
10. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES 754
11. REFERENCES 754
INDEX 758