Spectroscopic Measurement (eBook)

Cover 1
Spectroscopic Measurement: An Introduction to the Fundamental 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Acknowledgments 14
Nomenclature 18
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 26
1.1 Spectroscopic Techniques 26
1.2 Overview of the Book 30
1.3 How to Use This Book 32
1.4 Concluding Remarks and Warnings 33
CHAPTER 2. A BRIEF REVIEW OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 The Maxwellian Velocity Distribution 36
2.3 The Boltzmann Energy Distribution 46
2.4 Molecular Energy Distributions 54
2.5 Conclusions 59
CHAPTER 3. THE EQUATION OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Some Definitions 62
3.3 Development of the ERT 75
3.4 Implications of the ERT 82
3.5 Photon Statistics 94
3.6 Conclusions 97
CHAPTER 4. OPTICAL ELECTROMAGNETICS 100
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Maxwell's Equations in Vacuum 101
4.3 Basic Conclusions from Maxwell's Equations 111
4.4 Material Interactions 118
4.5 Brief Mention of Nonlinear Effects 121
4.6 Irradiance 122
4.7 Conclusions 128
CHAPTER 5. THE LORENTZ ATOM 130
5.1 Classical Dipole Oscillator 130
5.2 Wave Propagation Through Transmitting Media 135
5.3 Dipole Emission 139
5.4 Conclusions 150
CHAPTER 6. CLASSICAL HAMILTONIAN DYNAMICS 152
6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 Overview of Hamiltonian Dynamics 153
6.3 Hamiltonian Dynamics and the Lorentz Atom 159
6.4 Conclusions 161
CHAPTER 7. AN INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS 162
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 Historical Perspective 164
7.3 Additional Components of Quantum Mechanics 173
7.4 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 188
7.5 Conclusions 189
CHAPTER 8. ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 192
8.1 Introduction 192
8.2 The One-Electron Atom 194
8.3 Multi-Electron Atoms 223
8.4 Conclusion 241
CHAPTER 9. MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 242
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 Diatomic Molecules 243
9.3 Polyatomic Molecules 279
9.4 Conclusions 289
CHAPTER 10. RESONANCE RESPONSE 292
10.1 Einstein Coefficients 293
10.2 Oscillator Strengths 302
10.3 Absorption Cross-sections 304
10.4 Band Oscillator Strengths 305
10.5 Conclusions 307
CHAPTER 11. LINE BROADENING 308
11.1 Introduction 308
11.2 A Spectral Formalism 310
11.3 General Description of Optical Spectra 314
11.4 Homogeneous Broadening 318
11.5 Inhomogeneous Broadening 322
11.6 Combined Mechanisms: the Voigt Profile 325
11.7 Conclusions 327
CHAPTER 12. POLARIZATION 328
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 Polarization of the Resonance Response 329
12.3 Absorption and Polarization 333
12.4 Polarized Radiant Emission 335
12.5 Photons and Polarization 338
12.6 Conclusions 341
CHAPTER 13. RAYLEIGH AND RAMAN SCATTERING 342
13.1 Introduction 342
13.2 Polarizability 346
13.3 Classical Molecular Scattering 357
13.4 Rayleigh Scattering 360
13.5 Raman Scattering 366
13.6 Conclusions 383
CHAPTER 14. THE DENSITY MATRIX EQUATIONS 384
14.1 Introduction 384
14.2 Development of the DME 386
14.3 Interaction with an Electromagnetic Field 394
14.4 Multiple Levels and Polarization in the DME 402
14.5 Two-level DME in the Steady-state Limit 404
14.6 Conclusions 408
Appendix A. Units 410
Appendix B. Constants 424