Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks (eBook)

Front cover 1
Title page 4
Copyright 5
Table of contents 6
Front matter 12
Preface 12
List of contributors and editors 14
List of acronyms 17
Body 30
1 Introduction 30
Trends and evolution 30
Scope of the book 32
2 Transmission techniques 35
Introduction 35
OFDM systems 36
Introduction 36
OFDM: a very dynamic signal 38
Enhancing OFDM systems 44
CDMA systems 50
Introduction 50
Wideband CDMA 52
Time division CDMA 54
Multicarrier CDMA 57
References 58
3 Signal processing 64
Introduction 64
Modulation and coding 66
Advanced coding and modulation issues 67
Ultra wide bandwidth 70
System performance evaluation 72
Implementation issues 74
Equalisation 80
Introduction 80
Transmission model 81
Pre-equalisation 82
SISO equalisation 86
MIMO equalisation 88
Synchronisation and channel state estimation 95
Iterative technique 95
Channel state estimation and prediction 101
Performance evaluation and fundamental limits 104
Sequence synchronisation technique 106
Multi-user systems and multi-user detection 108
Multi-user MIMO transmission 109
Multi-user detectors for DS-CDMA 111
Multi-user detection for MC-CDMA with spatial diversity 117
Link adaptation and rate-adaptive systems 119
Introduction to link adaptation 119
Impact of imperfect channel state information 121
Link adaptation in MIMO systems 123
Link adaptation in OFDM systems 131
Link adaptation in current and upcoming wireless standards 133
References 136
4 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation 148
Introduction 148
EM theory and diffuse scattering 149
Integral methods 149
Differential equation methods 153
Ray methods 156
Deterministic propagation modelling 158
Introduction 158
Input database issues 159
Electromagnetic models 163
Ray models 165
Advanced techniques for ray models 168
Applications of ray models 175
Simplified or hybrid models 181
Channel measurements and parameter estimation 186
Measurement scenarios 186
Channel sounding techniques 187
Parameter estimation 189
Device performance and reliability of channel structure estimates 194
Channel characterisation 196
Introduction 196
Statistical processing of measurements 197
Path loss and building penetration 198
Long-term fading 205
Narrowband short-term fading 207
Wideband short-term fading 210
Temporal and angular dispersion 215
Fading prediction 227
References 231
5 Antennas and diversity: from narrow band to ultra wide band 247
Introduction 247
Antenna performance assessment of mobile handsets 248
Introduction 248
Figures of merit 249
Measurement methods 251
Factors influencing the measurement accuracy 255
Figure of merit comparisons 275
Handset design aspects 277
Diversity techniques 282
Introduction: diversity, an old concept with renewed interest 282
Diversity on receivers 283
Diversity in the context of MIMO techniques 288
Ultra Wide Band 292
Introduction 292
Radio Channel Measurements 293
Radio channel models 297
Antenna aspects 298
References 299
6 MIMO channel modelling 306
Introduction 306
Scenarios 308
Introduction 308
Concept 309
Indoor scenarios 310
Outdoor scenarios 312
Physically motivated MIMO channel modelling and simulation 316
Introduction 316
Radio channel modelling 317
Simulation 325
MIMO hardware channel emulators 329
Antenna configurations 331
Quality measures for MIMO antennas 332
Power considerations 337
Integration of MIMO antennas into handsets 339
Summary and future topics 343
Analytical MIMO channel models 344
Correlation-based models 344
Coupling-based models 346
Comparing correlation matrices 348
Model performance comparison for Rayleigh channels 348
Practical use of analytical MIMO channel models 354
Multi-antenna radio measurements and results 355
Introduction 355
Directional multi-antenna measurements 355
MIMO measurements of combined channel and antenna responses 368
Model validation and related metrics 377
Introduction 377
About experimental validation 378
Metrics for multiplexing gain 379
Multipath richness and multipath structure 384
Spatial correlation 388
A metric for MIMO channel diversity 390
A metric for beamforming 391
Miscellaneous 392
The COST 273 MIMO channel model 393
Introduction 393
Considered environments 393
Generic channel model 395
Parameter values in the different environments 407
References 413
7 MIMO systems 427
Introduction 427
Information-theoretic aspects 428
Capacity of single link MIMO systems 428
Capacity of multi-user MIMO systems 430
Capacity of MIMO systems with relays 431
Array processing and beamforming 431
Antenna selection 432
Beamforming 432
Uplink array processing 432
Downlink array processing 434
Channel estimation 436
Time-varying channels 438
Applications of array processing 439
Eigenbeamforming 441
MIMO transmission techniques 446
Introduction 446
Space-time transmitter design 446
Space-time receiver design 449
Space-time transceiver performance 453
Real-valued notation and its applications 457
Distributed and cooperative space-time systems 460
Network Aspects 461
Capacity of MIMO systems 462
Multihop MIMO architectures 464
References 465
8 Radio network aspects 472
Introduction 472
MORANS 473
Goals of the MORANS initiative 473
Structure of the reference model 473
Data model for a scenario and XML schema 481
RRM parameters 483
Results and examples of usability 483
Techniques for radio network optimisation 489
Resource allocation and packet scheduling techniques in wireless cellular systems 489
Joint link and network optimisation with MIMO systems 491
Methodologies for performance evaluation of radio networks 496
Theoretical connectivity results 496
Some applications 498
Markov chain models for protocols 500
Radio resource management and mobility models 501
Services and traffic modelling 502
Mobile services 502
Traffic source modelling 503
Spatial traffic demand estimation 506
Temporal traffic demand prediction 508
Wireless LANs 509
Personal area networks 516
Wireless ad hoc networks 521
Distributed wireless networks 522
Wireless sensor networks 524
Terminal location determination 525
Introduction 525
TOA techniques employing channel modelling 526
Application of propagation models 527
Assessment and validation 529
GSM results 530
References 531
9 UMTS radio networks 540
Introduction 540
UMTS Radio network planning 540
Planning fundamentals 540
Radio parameter planning 543
Automatic planning algorithms 545
Alternative infrastructure solutions 548
UTRAN optimisation and radio resource management 549
Soft handover and site selection diversity transmission 549
BS parameter adjustment 553
Call admission control 560
Genetic algorithms and evolution strategies 562
UTRAN performance evaluation 563
Static vs. dynamic 563
Semi-analytical 565
Effect of link level on performance 567
3G and beyond: network evolution 569
Beam switching techniques 569
Smart antennas 570
HSDPA channels: impact of multiple antennas 573
Future network scenarios 575
References 576
Appendix A About COST 273 582
References 584
Appendix B List of participating institutions 586
Index 591