Environmental Electrochemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Environmental Electrochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Abatement 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Chapter 1 18
1.1. Introduction 18
1.2. Some Definitions and Classification of Pollutants 21
1.3. Environmental Media and Pollutant Transport 25
1.4. Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Common Pollutants - A Primer 35
1.5. Current Methods for Pollutant Analyses 47
1.6. Current Methods for Pollutant Treatment 53
1.7. Electrochemical Technology and the Environment 66
1.8. Summary 67
References 67
Supplementary Reading 71
Chapter 2 74
2.1. Introduction 74
2.2. Current, Charge, and Potential 75
2.3. Charge and Mass Transport 79
2.4. Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces and Electrochemical Cells 81
2.5. Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Electrochemical Systems 86
2.6. Electroanalytical Chemistry 100
2.7. Electrolysis and Electrodeposition 114
2.8. Mass Transport Under Forced Convection in an Electrochemical Cell 117
2.9. Electrochemical Reactor Design 121
2.10. Electrokinetic Phenomena 129
2.11. Semiconductor Electrochemistry 133
2.12. Photoemission at Metal Electrodes 137
2.13. Instrumentation 139
2.14. Summary 140
References 140
Supplementary Reading 141
Chapter 3 144
3.1. Introduction 144
3.2. Electrochemistry of Organic Pollutants 146
3.3. Electrochemistry of Inorganic Pollutants 172
3.4. Summary 206
References 206
Supplementary Reading 215
Chapter 4 218
4.1. Introduction 218
4.2. Flow Injection Analysis 221
4.3. Potentiometric Sensors 225
4.4. Amperometric–Coulometric and Voltammetric–Polarographic Detection in Flow Systems 237
4.5. Amperometric Sensors for Environmental Pollutants: Some Examples 267
4.6. Amperometric Gas Sensors 288
4.7. Stripping Analyses: Specialized Aspects 293
4.8. Direct Voltammetric (or Polarographic) Determination of Pollutants 321
4.9. Electrochemistry as an Auxiliary Tool to Atomic Spectroscopies 324
4.10. Conductivity Detectors 327
4.11.Photoassisted Detection of Pollutants 329
4.12. Summary 335
References 336
Supplementary Reading 375
Chapter 5 378
5.1. Introduction 378
5.2. Positive Features of Electrochemical Remediation 379
5.3. Direct Electrolysis of Pollutants 380
5.4. Indirect Electrolysis of Pollutants 415
5.5. Electroflotation, Electrocoagulation, and Electroflocculation 427
5.6. Electrochemical Remediation of Gaseous Pollutants 434
5.7. Membrane-Assisted Processes 449
5.8. Electrokinetic Processing of Soil 466
5.9. Emerging Materials for Electrochemical Treatment of Pollutants 470
Summary 487
References 487
Supplementary Reading 513
Chapter 6 516
6.1. Introduction 516
6.2. Photolysis of H2O2 and O3 and Generation of éaq 517
6.3. Destruction of Organics as Mediated by •OH and éaq 521
6.4. Direct Photodissociation of the Pollutant 523
6.5. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Examples of Application of the UV–H2O2 System 526
6.6. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Examples of Application of the UV–O3 System 537
6.7. The UV–H2O2–O3 Process 544
6.8. UV–H2O2 and UV–O3 Systems: Practical Considerations 544
6.9. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 548
6.10. Summary 617
References 617
Chapter 7 642
7.1. Introduction 642
7.2. Water Disinfection: Background and Principles 644
7.3. Electrochemical Disinfection of Water 655
7.4. Disinfection by High-Energy Radiation 660
7.5. UV Disinfection of Water 661
7.6. Photoelectrochemical Disinfection of Air and Water 683
7.7. Electrochemical Detection and Enumeration of Microorganisms 685
7.8. Summary 690
References 690
Supplementary Reading 690
Chapter 8 704
8.1. Introduction 704
8.2. Commercial Vendors of Electrochemical Equipment and Accessories 707
8.3. Electrochemical Sensors of Environmental Pollutants: Commercialization Efforts 707
8.4. Electrochemical Reactors for Pollutant Treatment and Chemical Recycling 708
8.5. Advanced Oxidation Processes: Pilot and Field Tests and Commercialization Efforts 725
8.6. Water Disinfection Technology 747
8.7. Summary 750
References 751
Appendix A: Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols, and Notation 756
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Units and Unit Conversions, and Reference Electrode Potentials 770
Appendix C: Selected Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Media at 25° C 774
Appendix D: Companies Marketing Electrochemical Technologies and Accessories for Pollution Sensors and Pollution Abatement 776