Introductory Raman Spectroscopy (eBook)

Cover 1
Introductory Raman Spectroscopy 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface to the Second Edition 11
Acknowledgments 12
Preface to the First Edition 13
Acknowledgments 14
Chapter 1. Basic Theory 16
1.1. Historical Background of Raman Spectroscopy 16
1.2. Energy Units and Molecular Spectra 17
1.3. Vibration of a Diatomic Molecule 22
1.4 Origin of Raman Spectra 28
1.5. Factors Determining Vibrational Frequencies 33
1.6. Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules 34
1.7. Selection Rules for Infrared and Raman Spectra 37
1.8. Raman versus Infrared Spectroscopy 41
1.9. Depolarization Ratios 42
1.10. The Concept of Symmetry 45
1.11. Point Symmetry Elements 46
1.12. The Character Table 58
1.13. Classification of Normal Vibrations by Symmetry 63
1.14. Symmetry Selection Rules 67
1.15. Resonance Raman Spectra 69
1.16. Space Group Symmetry 76
1.17. Normal Vibrations in a Crystal 82
1.18. Selection Rules for Solids (Factor Group) 85
1.19. Polarized Raman Spectra of Single Crystals 93
1.20. Normal Coordinate Analysis 94
1.21. Band Assignments and Isotope Shifts 101
References 104
General References 106
Chapter 2. Instrumentation and Experimental Technoques 110
2.1. Major Components 110
2.2. Excitation Sources 111
2.3. Sample Illumination 118
2.4. Wavelength Selectors 120
2.5. Detection 127
2.6. Instrument Calibration 132
2.7. Sampling Techniques 138
2.8. Fluorescence Problems 152
2.9. Raman Difference Spectroscopy 153
2.10. Miniature Raman Spectrometers 155
References 158
General References 161
Chapter 3. Special Techniques 162
3.1. High-Pressure Raman Spectroscopy 162
3.2. Raman Microscopy 169
3.3. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 176
3.4. Raman Spectroelectrochemistry 183
3.5. Time-Resolved Raman (TR2) Spectroscopy 189
3.6. Matrix-Isolation Raman Spectroscopy 194
3.7. 2D Correlation Raman Spectroscopy 199
3.8. Raman Imaging Spectrometry 203
3.9. Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy 209
References 217
Chapter 4. Materials Applications 222
4.1. Applications to Structural Chemistry 222
4.2. Solid State Applications 252
References 278
Chapter 5. Analytical Chemistry 282
5.1. Preprocessing Spectra 282
5.2. Full-Spectra Processing Methods 292
5.3. Quantitative Analysis 298
5.4. Spectral Searches 300
5.5. Discriminant Analysis 303
References 307
Chapter 6. Biochemical and Medical Applications 310
6.1 Biochemical Applications 311
6.2. Medical Applications 328
References 337
Chapter 7. Industrial, Environmental and Other Applications 340
7.1. Industrial Applications 340
7.2. Environmental Applications 357
7.3. Other Applications 365
References 376
Appendices 378
Index 438