Diffusion MRI (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Diffusion MRI: From Quantitative Measurement to In vivo Neuroanatomy 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Foreword 10
Preface 12
Section I: Introduction to Diffusion MRI 14
Chapter 1. Introduction to Diffusion MR 16
I. WHAT IS DIFFUSION? 16
II. MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND DIFFUSION 18
III. DIFFUSION IN NEURAL TISSUE 21
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS 22
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 22
REFERENCES 22
Chapter 2. Pulse Sequences for Diffusion-weighted MRI 24
I. MRI PULSE SEQUENCE PRIMER 25
II. ADDING DIFFUSION WEIGHTING TO A PULSE SEQUENCE 31
III. BULK MOTION SENSITIVITY 35
IV. SINGLE-SHOT EPI (SS-EPI) METHODS 37
V. PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION 41
VI. OTHER DWI PULSE SEQUENCES 43
REFERENCES 48
Chapter 3. Gaussian Modeling of the Diffusion Signal 50
I. INTRODUCTION 51
II. DIFFUSION BASICS 51
III. BASIC MODELING AND QUANTIFICATION 53
IV. DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGIES 61
V. ARTIFACTS 63
REFERENCES 65
Chapter 4. Multiple Fibers: Beyond the Diffusion Tensor 68
I. INTRODUCTION 69
II. MULTIPLE FIBERS: WHAT'S ALL THE FUSS ABOUT? 69
III. MODEL-BASED APPROACHES 71
IV. NON-PARAMETRIC ALGORITHMS 74
V. DERIVED INFORMATION 80
VI. APPLICATIONS AND EXPLOITATION 81
VII. SUMMARY 82
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 83
APPENDIX A. QBALL IMPLEMENTATION 83
APPENDIX B. SPHERICAL DECONVOLUTION IMPLEMENTATION 83
REFERENCES 84
Section II: Diffusion MRI for Quantitative Measurement 86
Chapter 5. White Matter Structure: A Microscopist's View 88
I. INTRODUCTION 89
II. CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE CNS WHITE MATTER 92
III. WATER CONTENT OF WHITE MATTER 107
IV. CHANGES IN WHITE MATTER DUE TO ABNORMALITIES IN MYELIN 107
V. THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF DEMYELINATION AND AXONAL DAMAGE IN HUMANS 109
VI. SUMMARY 110
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 111
REFERENCES 111
Chapter 6. The Biological Basis of Diffusion Anisotropy 118
I. UTILITY OF MICROSCOPIC WATER MOTION 119
II. RELATIONSHIP OF WATER DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY TO TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE 121
III. ROLE OF THE APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN INTERPRETING ANISOTROPY 130
IV. ISSUES RELATED TO DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS IN TISSUE BY MRI 134
V. SUMMARY 136
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
REFERENCES 136
Chapter 7. Inferring Microstructural Information of White Matter from Diffusion MRI 140
I. THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF WHITE MATTER 141
II. DIFFUSION MRI AND TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE 141
III. DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING – A TOOL FOR WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURAL MAPPING 142
IV. DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING – A TOOL FOR WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURAL MAPPING? 143
V. TYPES OF DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN THE TISSUE 144
VI. Q-SPACE ANALYSIS 146
VII. MODELS OF DIFFUSION IN WHITE MATTER 151
VIII. TOWARDS VIRTUAL BIOPSY OF WHITE MATTER WITH DIFFUSION MRI 155
REFERENCES 157
Chapter 8. Cross-subject Comparison of Local Diffusion MRI Parameters 160
I. INTRODUCTION 161
II. CROSS-SUBJECT REGISTRATION (IMAGE ALIGNMENT) 162
III. VBM – OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION TO DIFFUSION DATA 163
IV. PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETABILITY IN VBM-STYLE ANALYSES 164
V. REGION-OF-INTEREST AND TRACTOGRAPHY-BASED STRATEGIES FOR LOCALIZING CHANGE 165
VI. TRACT-BASED SPATIAL STATISTICS 167
VII. OTHER SKELETON-BASED WORK 170
VIII. STATISTICAL MODELING, THRESHOLDING, AND MULTIVARIATE APPROACHES 171
IX. ALTERNATIVE DIFFUSION MEASURES TO TEST 175
X. INTERPRETATION ISSUES: PARTIAL VOLUME EFFECTS AND COMPLEX TRACT STRUCTURE 177
XI. STANDARD-SPACE TEMPLATES AND ATLASES 180
XII. EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF GAUSSIANITY AND REPEATABILITY IN DIFFUSION MRI DATA 181
XIII. EXAMPLE MULTI-SUBJECT STUDIES: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 183
XIV. CONCLUSIONS 185
REFERENCES 185
Chapter 9. Diffusion MRI in Neurological Disorders 188
I. INTRODUCTION 189
II. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 189
III. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 191
IV. CONCLUSIONS 208
REFERENCES 211
Chapter 10. DTI in Development and Aging 218
I. INTRODUCTION 219
II. DIFFUSION METRICS UTILIZED IN THE STUDY OF TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN 220
III. DIFFUSION IN DEVELOPMENT 223
IV. DIFFUSION IN AGING 230
V. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DTI METRICS AND TISSUE MORPHOMETRY 239
VI. CAVEATS TO THE USE OF DIFFUSION IMAGING IN THE STUDY OF AGING AND DEVELOPMENT 240
VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 242
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 243
REFERENCES 243
Chapter 11. Individual Differences in White Matter Microstructure in the Healthy Brain 250
I. INTRODUCTION 251
II. GENDER AND HANDEDNESS 253
III. CHANGES IN WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURE WITH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OR DETERIORATION IN COGNITIVE SKILLS 254
IV. AGE-INDEPENDENT VARIATION IN BRAIN STRUCTURE REFLECTS INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN BEHAVIOR 255
V. LANGUAGE 258
VI. ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN WHITE MATTER DUE TO NATURE OR NURTURE? 259
VII. CONCLUSION 260
REFERENCES 260
Chapter 12. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Its Application to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders 264
I. INTRODUCTION 265
II. REVIEW OF DTI FINDINGS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA 268
III. FUTURE DIRECTIONS, WHAT ARE WE MISSING, AND HOW CAN WE FILL IN THE GAPS? 278
REFERENCES 281
Section III: Diffusion MRI for in vivo Neuroanatomy 284
Chapter 13. Classic and Contemporary Neural Tract Tracing Techniques 286
I. INTRODUCTION 287
II. A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACT TRACING 287
III. CONTEMPORARY APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACT TRACING IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES 293
IV. CONCLUSIONS 317
SUGGESTED TECHNICAL REFERENCES 317
REFERENCES 318
Chapter 14. The Human Connectome: Linking Structure and Function in the Human Brain 322
I. WHAT IS THE CONNECTOME? 322
II. MODES OF BRAIN CONNECTIVITY 323
III. DEFINING NETWORK NODES OF THE CONNECTOME 325
IV. GRAPH ANALYSIS OF BRAIN CONNECTIVITY 329
V. MAPPING THE NETWORK OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN 335
VI. RELATING STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO FUNCTIONAL INTERACTIONS 338
VII. BRAIN CONNECTIVITY AND NETWORK DISEASE 340
VIII. THE FUTURE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONNECTOME 341
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 342
REFERENCES 342
NETWORK GLOSSARY 345
Chapter 15. MR Diffusion Tractography 346
I. INTRODUCTION 347
II. STREAMLINE TRACTOGRAPHY 347
III. PROBABILISTIC TRACTOGRAPHY 351
IV. CHOICE OF LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION IN TRACTOGRAPHY 358
V. DESIGNING A DIFFUSION TRACTOGRAPHY STUDY 358
VI. FUTURE ADVANCES IN DIFFUSION TRACTOGRAPHY 360
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 362
REFERENCES 362
Chapter 16. Validation of Tractography 366
I. INTRODUCTION 367
II. VALIDATION OF FIBER ORIENTATION INFORMATION 368
III. VALIDATION OF TRACTOGRAPHY 372
IV. SUMMARY 385
REFERENCES 385
Chapter 17. Connectivity Fingerprinting of Gray Matter 390
I. INTRODUCTION 390
II. SUBCORTICAL GM 395
III. CORTICAL GRAY 400
IV. VALIDATION 407
V. CONCLUSIONS 413
REFERENCES 413
Chapter 18. The Connectional Anatomy of Language: Recent Contributions from Diffusion Tensor Tractography 416
I. INTRODUCTION 417
II. THE ANATOMY OF THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS: FROM BLUNT DISSECTIONS TO TRACTOGRAPHY 417
III. LATERALIZATION OF THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS 419
IV. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF PERISYLVIAN LANGUAGE NETWORKS 420
V. BEYOND THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS: THE VENTRAL PATHWAY 420
VI. APPLICATION OF DTI TRACTOGRAPHY TO LANGUAGE DISORDERS 421
VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 423
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 424
REFERENCES 425
Chapter 19. Tractography for Surgical Targeting 428
I. INTRODUCTION 429
II. SURGICAL TARGET AND INTENT 430
III. TRACTOGRAPHY STRATEGIES FOR SURGICAL PURPOSES 438
IV. CONCLUSIONS 451
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 452
REFERENCES 452
Chapter 20. Comparing Brain Connections in Different Species using Diffusion Weighted Imaging 458
I. INTRODUCTION 458
II. COMPARING DTI TRACTOGRAPHY WITH TRACT TRACING TECHNIQUES 459
III. USING DTI-TRACTOGRAPHY TO EXAMINE THE CONNECTIONS OF HUMAN VENTRAL FRONTAL CORTEX 460
IV. LANGUAGE AND THE ARCUATE FASCICLE IN HUMANS AND OTHER PRIMATES 461
V. DTI SUGGESTS BASIC SIMILARITIES IN FRONTAL LOBE ORGANIZATION IN MAN AND OTHER PRIMATES 463
VI. PREMOTOR CORTEX 466
VII. COMPARING THE PARIETAL CORTEX IN HUMAN AND OTHER PRIMATES 468
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 470
REFERENCES 470
Chapter 21. Imaging Structure and Function 474
I. INTRODUCTION 475
II. STRUCTURAL IMAGING AND BRAIN MORPHOMETRY 475
III. COMBINING SOURCES OF DATA 480
IV. IMAGING ANATOMO-FUNCTIONAL NETWORKS 486
V. CONCLUSIONS 490
REFERENCES 490
Index 494
A 494
B 495
C 495
D 495
E 496
F 497
G 497
H 497
I 498
J 498
K 498
L 498
M 498
N 499
O 499
P 499
Q 500
R 500
S 500
T 501
U 502
V 502
W 502