Deep-Sea Sediments (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Developments in Sedimentology: Deep-Sea Sediments 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Contributors 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1: Progress in Deep-Sea Sedimentology 16
1. Introduction 16
2. What are Deep-Sea Sediments? 18
3. Tools Used for Deep-Sea Sediment Investigations 20
4. Structure of the Book 31
References 37
Chapter 2: Gravity Processes and Deposits on Continental Slope, Rise and Abyssal Plains 40
1. Gravity Processes on Continental Slope, Rise and Abyssal Plains 41
2. Gravity-Fall and Gravity-Flow Deposits 74
3. Deep-Sea Turbidite Systems 93
References 140
Chapter 3: Contour Currents and Contourite Drifts 164
1. Introduction 165
2. Oceanic Geostrophic Circulation and Contour Currents 167
3. Sedimentary Processes Related to Contour Currents 176
4. Contourite Facies and Bedforms 191
5. Contourite Drifts 206
6. Ancient Contourites 217
7. Conclusions 220
References 220
Chapter 4: Pelagic Sedimentation in Modern and Ancient Oceans 230
1. Oceanic Provinces and Sediment Factories: An Overview 230
2. Modern Pelagic Factories: An Overview 235
3. History and Evolution of Ancient Pelagic Factories 294
Acknowledgments 334
References 334
Chapter 5: Hemipelagic Advection and Periplatform Sedimentation 368
1. Introduction 368
2. Hemipelagic Advection 370
3. Periplatform Carbonates 392
Acknowledgments 401
References 401
Chapter 6: Benthic Deep-Sea Carbonates 412
1. Introduction 412
2. Carbonate Bentho-Pelagic Coupling 415
3. Calcareous Aphotic Reefs 419
4. Cold Seeps and Related Carbonates 432
5. Past and Future 448
References 455
Chapter 7: Volcaniclastic Processes and Deposits in the Deep-Sea 472
1. Introduction 473
2. Volcaniclastic Materials: The Evidence of Volcanic Activity 473
3. Transport and Deposition of Volcaniclastics to the Deep-Sea 480
4. Volcaniclastic Contribution to Marine Sedimentation 492
5. Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Various Deep-Sea Environments 493
6. Importance of Volcaniclastic Aprons in the Deep-Sea 512
7. Economic Aspects of Sub-Marine Volcaniclastic Deposits 515
8. Sub-marine Volcaniclastic Deposits as Tools for Natural-Hazard Assessment 518
9. Conclusions 519
References 521
Chapter 8: Deep-Sea Ichnology: The Relationships Between Depositional Environment and Endobenthic Organisms 532
1. Introduction 533
2. The Deep-Sea Floor as Habitat 534
3. Bioturbation 535
4. Trace Fossils 537
5. Interpretation of Trace Fossils and Ichnofabrics 545
6. Evolutionary Aspects 558
7. Perspective 561
Acknowledgments 561
References 561
Chapter 9: Early Diagenesis of Deep-Sea Sediments 572
1 Introduction 574
2. Pelagic Sediments: Characteristics and Lithology-Independent Pore-Water Profiles 576
3. Brown Abyssal Clay 581
4. Biogenic Siliceous Sediments 581
5. Biogenic Pelagic Carbonates 612
6. Hemipelagic Sediments 619
7. Gas-hydrate Bearing Sediments 642
8. Effects of Evaporite Dissolution on Pore-Water Chemistry 662
9. Sediment-Covered Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Activity and Intrusion of Igneous Dykes and Sills 662
10. Early Diagenesis in Active Margins Affected by Advective Lateral Fluid Flow 664
11. Early Diagenesis of Volcanogenic Deep-Sea Sediments 670
12. Early-Diagenetic Mineralization Reactions in Anoxic Deep-Water Sediments 682
13. Early Diagenetic Clay-Mineral Formation 705
Acknowledgments 707
References 707
Chapter 10: Industrial Application of Deep-Sea Sediments 730
1. Specificity of the Oil and Gas Industry Viewpoint 731
2. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production in Deep Water 733
3. Tools 744
4. Geology of Deep-Water Deposits Seen from the Hydrocarbon Industry Viewpoint 753
Acknowledgments 776
References 776
Chapter 11: Mesozoic Pelagic Sediments: Archives for Ocean and Climate History during Green-House Conditions 780
1. Introduction 780
2. Oceans Explored 781
3. Deep-Sea Sediments: From Oceans to Mountain Ranges 782
4. Pelagic Sediments-A New Field of Research for Sedimentologists and Stratigraphers 784
5. The Alpine Tethys Succession-From Sedimentology to Palaeoceanography 789
6. Stable-Isotope Geochemistry-A New Tool in Palaeoceanography 791
7. Black Shales and the Carbon Cycle 794
8. Summary and Outlook 799
Acknowledgments 800
References 800
Chapter 12: Climate Records of Deep-Sea Sediments: Towards the Cenozoic Ice House 808
1. Introduction 808
2. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM): Large-Scale Carbon Release and Its Consequences for the Oceans' Carbonate... 811
3. Eocene Cooling: Factors Causing the Antarctic Glaciation 814
4. The Middle Miocene Climate Transition 817
5. Neogene Evolution of Deep-Water Circulation and Chemistry 819
6. Middle to Late Miocene Carbonate Deposition 823
7. The Onset of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and Pleistocene Ice Ages 827
References 833
Index 840