Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright page 5
Preface 6
Table of Contents 8
Chapter 1. Industrial Microbiology 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Process Fermentation 19
1.3 Application of Fermentation Processes 21
1.4 Bioprocess Products 22
1.5 Production of Lactic Acid 23
1.6 Production of Vinegar 24
1.7 Production of Amino Acids (Lysine and Glutamic Acid) and Insulin 25
1.8 Antibiotics, Production of Penicillin 26
1.9 Production of Enzymes 27
1.10 Production of Baker’s Yeast 29
References 29
Chapter 2. Dissolved Oxygen Measurement and Mixing 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations 31
2.3 Batch and Continuous Fermentation for Production of SCP 32
2.4 Batch Experiment for Production of Baker’s Yeast 34
2.5 Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR) 35
2.6 Respiration Quotient (RQ) 36
2.7 Agitation Rate Studies 36
2.8 Nomenclature 38
References 38
Chapter 3. Gas and Liquid System (Aeration and Agitation) 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Aeration and Agitation 39
3.3 Effect of Agitation on Dissolved Oxygen 40
3.4 Air Sparger 40
3.5 Oxygen Transfer Rate in a Fermenter 41
3.6 Mass Transfer Coefficients for Stirred Tanks 43
3.7 Gas Hold-Up 45
3.8 Agitated System and Mixing Phenomena 45
3.9 Characterisation of Agitation 45
3.10 Types of Agitator 46
3.11 Gas–Liquid Phase Mass Transfer 47
3.12 Nomenclature 59
References 60
3.13 Case Study: Oxygen Transfer Rate Model in an Aerated Tank for Pharmaceutical Wastewater 60
References 66
3.14 Case Study: Fuel and Chemical Production from the Water Gas Shift Reaction by Fermentation Processes 67
References 84
Chapter 4. Fermentation Process Control 86
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Bioreactor Controlling Probes 88
4.3 Characteristics of Bioreactor Sensors 89
4.4 Temperature Measurement and Control 89
4.5 Do Measurement and Control 91
4.6 pH/Redox Measurement and Control 93
4.7 Detection and Prevention of the Foam 94
4.8 Biosensors 96
4.9 Nomenclature 97
References 97
Chapter 5. Growth Kinetics 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Cell Growth in Batch Culture 98
5.3 Growth Phases 99
5.4 Kinetics of Batch Culture 100
5.5 Growth Kinetics for Continuous Culture 101
5.6 Material Balance for CSTR 106
5.7 Enzyme Reaction Kinetics 114
5.8 Nomenclature 145
References 146
5.9 Case Study: Enzyme Kinetic Models for Resolution of Racemic Ibuprofen Esters in a Membrane Reactor 147
References 157
Chapter 6. Bioreactor Design 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Background to Bioreactors 160
6.3 Type of Bioreactor 160
6.4 Stirred Tank Bioreactors 162
6.5 Bubble Column Fermenter 166
6.6 Airlift Bioreactors 167
6.7 Heat Transfer 168
6.8 Design Equations for CSTR Fermenter 171
6.9 Temperature Effect on Rate Constant 175
6.10 Scale-Up of Stirred-Tank Bioreactor 176
6.11 Nomenclature 185
References 186
Chapter 7. Downstream Processing 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Downstream Processing 187
7.3 Filtration 190
7.4 Centrifugation 192
7.5 Sedimentation 195
7.6 Flotation 197
7.7 Emerging Technology for Cell Recovery 197
7.8 Cell Disruption 198
7.9 Solvent Extraction 199
7.10 Adsorption 202
7.11 Chromatography 204
7.12 Nomenclature 214
References 215
Chapter 8. Immobilization of Microbial Cells for the Production of Organic Acid and Ethanol 216
8.1 Introduction 216
8.2 Immobilised Microbial Cells 217
8.3 Immobilised Cell Reactor Experiments 219
8.4 ICR Rate Model 220
8.5 Nomenclature 223
References 223
8.6 Case Study: Ethanol Fermentation in an Immobilised Cell Reactor using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 223
References 239
8.7 Fundamentals of Immobilisation Technology, and Mathematical Model for ICR Performance 239
Reference 244
Chapter 9. Material and Elemental Balance 245
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 Growth of Stoichiometry and Elemental Balances 246
9.3 Energy Balance for Continuous Ethanol Fermentation 247
9.4 Mass Balance for Production of Penicillin 248
9.5 Conservation of Mass Principle 251
9.6 Embden–Meyerhoff–Parnas Pathway 261
References 268
Chapter 10. Application of Fermentation Processes 269
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Production of Ethanol by Fermentation 269
10.3 Benefits from Bioethanol Fuel 270
10.4 Stoichiometry of Biochemical Reaction 270
10.5 Optical Cell Density 270
10.6 Kinetics of Growth and Product Formation 271
10.7 Preparation of the Stock Culture 271
10.8 Inoculum Preparation 272
10.9 Seed Culture 272
10.10 Analytical Method for Sugar Analysis 274
10.11 Analytical Method Developed for Ethanol Analysis 274
10.12 Refractive Index Determination 274
10.13 Measuring the Cell Dry Weight 274
10.14 Yield Calculation 275
10.15 Batch Fermentation Experiment 275
10.16 Continuous Fermentation Experiment 275
10.17 Media Sterilisation 278
10.18 Batch Experiment 278
10.19 Expected Results 278
References 279
Chapter 11. Production of Antibiotics 280
11.1 Introduction 280
11.2 Herbal Medicines and Chemical Agents 280
11.3 History of Penicillin 281
11.4 Production of Penicillin 282
11.5 Microorganisms and Media 283
11.6 Inoculum Preparation 283
11.7 Filtration and Extraction of Penicillin 285
11.8 Experimental Procedure 286
11.9 Fermenter Description 286
11.10 Analytical Method for Bioassay and Detecting Antibiotic 286
11.11 Antibiogram and Biological Assay 286
11.12 Submerged Culture 287
11.13 Bioreactor Design and Control 289
11.14 Estimation for the Dimension of the Fermenter 290
11.15 Determination of Reynolds Number 292
11.16 Determination of Power Input 292
11.17 Determination of Oxygen Transfer Rate 294
11.18 Design Specification Sheet for the Bioreactor 295
References 295
Chapter 12. Production of Citric Acid 297
12.1 Introduction 297
12.2 Production of Citric Acid in Batch Bioreactor 297
12.3 Factors Affecting the Mold Growth and Fermentation Process 298
12.4 Starter or Seeding an Inoculum 300
12.5 Seed Culture 300
12.6 Citric Acid Production 300
12.7 Analytical Method 301
12.8 Experimental Run 302
References 303
Chapter 13. Bioprocess Scale-up 304
13.1 Introduction 304
13.2 Scale-up Procedure from Laboratory Scale to Plant Scale 304
13.3 Bioreactor Design Criteria 310
13.4 CSTR Chemostat Versus Tubular Plug Flow 315
13.5 Dynamic Model and Oxygen Transfer Rate in Activated Sludge 329
13.6 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment 342
13.7 Nomenclature 347
References 348
Chapter 14. Single-Cell Protein 349
14.1 Introduction 349
14.2 Separation of Microbial Biomass 350
14.3 Background 350
14.4 Production Methods 351
14.5 Media Preparation for SCP Production 352
14.6 Analytical Methods 353
14.7 SCP Processes 355
14.8 Nutritional Value of SCP 356
14.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of SCP 357
14.10 Preparation for Experimental Run 358
References 358
Chapter 15. Sterilisation 359
15.1 Introduction 359
15.2 Batch Sterilisation 359
15.3 Continuous Sterilisation 360
15.4 Hot Plates 361
15.5 High Temperature Sterilisation 362
15.6 Sterilised Media for Microbiology 362
15.7 Dry Heat Sterilisation 365
15.8 Sterilisation with Filtration 365
15.9 Microwave Sterilisation 366
15.10 Electron Beam Sterilisation 366
15.11 Chemical Sterilisation 366
References 367
Chapter 16. Membrane Separation Processes 368
16.1 Introduction 368
16.2 Types of Membrane 368
16.3 Membrane Processes 371
16.4 Nature of Synthetic Membranes 374
16.5 General Membrane Equation 377
16.6 Cross-Flow Microfiltration 379
16.7 Ultrafiltration 382
16.8 Reverse Osmosis 384
16.9 Membrane Modules 386
16.10 Module Selection 390
16.11 Membrane Fouling 393
16.12 Nomenclature 394
References 395
16.13 Case Study: Inorganic Zirconia .-Alumina-Coated Membrane on Ceramic Support 395
References 405
Chapter 17. Advanced Downstream Processing in Biotechnology 407
17.1 Introduction 407
17.2 Protein Products 408
17.3 Cell Disruption 409
17.4 Protein Purification 410
17.5 General Problems Associated with Conventional Techniques 411
17.6 Fluidised Bed Adsorption 412
17.7 Design and Operation of Liquid Fluidised Beds 414
17.8 Experimental Procedure 421
17.9 Process Integration in Protein Recovery 421
17.10 Nomenclature 424
References 424
17.11 Case Study: Process Integration of Cell Disruption and Fluidised Bed Adsorption for the Recovery of Labile Intracellular Enzymes 426
References 431
Appendix 433
Index 435