Vitamins (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Vitamins 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication Page 6
Contents 8
Preface 12
Preface to the Second Edition 14
Preface to the First Edition 16
How to Use This Book 18
Part I: Perspectives on the Vitamins in Nutrition 21
Chapter I: What is a Vitamin? 23
I. Thinking about Vitamins 23
II. Vitamin: A Revolutionary Concept 24
III. An Operating Definition of a Vitamin 24
IV. The Recognized Vitamins 25
Study Questions 26
Chapter 2: Discovery of the Vitamins 27
I. The Emergence of Nutrition as a Science 28
II. The Process of Discovery in Nutritional Science 28
III. The Empirical Phase of Vitamin Discovery 29
IV. The Experimental Phase of Vitamin Discovery 32
V. The Vitamine Theory 35
VI. Elucidation of the Vitamins 38
VII. Vitamin Terminology 50
VIII. Other Factors Sometimes Called Vitamins 51
IX. The Modern History of the Vitamins 51
Study Questions and Exercises 52
Recommended Reading 52
Chapter 3: Chemical and Physiological Properties of the Vitamins 55
I. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Vitamins 56
II. Vitamin A 62
III. Vitamin D 65
IV. Vitamin E 67
V. Vitamin K 69
VI. Vitamin C 71
VII. Thiamin 72
VIII. Riboflavin 73
IX. Niacin 74
X. Vitamin B6 75
XI. Biotin 76
XII. Pantothenic Acid 76
XIII. Folate 77
XIV. Vitamin B12 79
XV. General Properties of the Vitamins 80
XVI. Physiological Utilization of the Vitamins 84
XVII. Metabolism of the Vitamins 89
XVIII. Metabolic Functions of the Vitamins 92
Study Questions and Exercises 93
Recommended Reading 93
Chapter 4: Vitamin Deficiency 95
I. The Concept of Vitamin Deficiency 96
II. The Many Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies 98
III. Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin Deficiencies 99
IV. Vitamin Deficiency Diseases: Manifestations of Biochemical Lesions 106
Study Questions and Exercises 112
Recommended Reading 112
Part II: Considering the Individual Vitamins 113
Chapter 5: Vitamin A 115
I. Significance of Vitamin A 116
II. Sources of Vitamin A 117
III. Absorption of Vitamin A 119
IV. Transport of Vitamin A 122
V. Metabolism of Vitamin A 129
VI. Excretion of Vitamin A 133
VII. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin A 133
VIII. Vitamin A Deficiency 150
IX. Vitamin A Toxicity 155
X. Case Studies 159
Study Questions and Exercises 161
Recommended Reading 161
Chapter 6: Vitamin D 165
I. Significance of Vitamin D 166
II. Sources of Vitamin D 167
III. Enteric Absorption of Vitamin D 170
IV. Transport of Vitamin D 171
V. Metabolism of Vitamin D 174
VI. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin D 177
VII. Vitamin D Deficiency 189
VIII. Vitamin D Toxicity 195
IX. Case Studies 196
Study Questions and Exercises 197
Recommended Reading 197
Chapter 7: Vitamin E 201
I. The Significance of Vitamin E 202
II. Sources of Vitamin E 202
III. Absorption of Vitamin E 204
IV. Transport of Vitamin E 205
V. Metabolism of Vitamin E 209
VI. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin E 211
VII. Vitamin K Deficiency 211
VIII. Pharmacologic Uses of Vitamin E 227
IX. Vitamin K Toxicity 228
X. Case Studies 230
Study Questions and Exercises 231
Recommended Reading 232
Chapter 8: Vitamin K 233
I. The Significance of Vitamin K 234
II. Sources of Vitamin K 234
III. Absorption of Vitamin K 236
IV. Transport of Vitamin K 237
V. Metabolism of Vitamin K 238
VI. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin K 241
VII. Vitamin K Deficiency 247
VIII. Vitamin K Toxicity 249
IX. Case Studies 250
Study Questions and Exercises 252
Recommended Reading 252
Chapter 9: Vitamin C 255
I. The Significance of Vitamin C 256
II. Sources of Vitamin C 256
III. Absorption of Vitamin C 259
IV. Transport of Vitamin C 260
V. Metabolism of Vitamin C 261
VI. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin C 263
VII. Vitamin C Deficiency 274
VIII. Pharmacological Uses of Vitamin C 277
IX. Vitamin C Toxicity 278
X. Case Studies 280
Study Questions and Exercises 282
Recommended Reading 283
Chapter 10: Thiamin 285
I. The Significance of Thiamin 286
II. Sources of Thiamin 286
III. Absorption of Thiamin 288
IV. Transport of Thiamin 289
V. Metabolism of Thiamin 289
VI. Metabolic Functions of Thiamin 290
VII. Thiamin Deficiency 294
VIII. Thiamin Toxicity 298
IX. Case Studies 298
Study Questions and Exercises 300
Recommended Reading 300
Chapter 11: Riboflavin 301
I. The Significance of Riboflavin 302
II. Sources of Riboflavin 302
III. Absorption of Riboflavin 303
IV. Transport of Riboflavin 304
V. Metabolism of Riboflavin 305
VI. Metabolic Functions of Riboflavin 307
VII. Riboflavin Deficiency 308
VIII. Riboflavin Toxicity 313
IX. Case Study 313
Study Questions and Exercises 314
Recommended Reading 314
Chapter 12: Niacin 315
I. The Significance of Niacin 316
II. Sources of Niacin 316
III. Absorption of Niacin 318
IV. Transport of Niacin 318
V. Metabolism of Niacin 319
VI. Metabolic Functions of Niacin 323
VII. Niacin Deficiency 324
VIII. Pharmacologic Uses of Niacin 327
IX. Niacin Toxicity 329
X. Case Study 329
Study Questions and Exercises 330
Recommended Reading 331
Chapter 13: Vitamin B6 333
I. The Significance of Vitamin B6 334
II. Sources of Vitamin B6 334
III. Absorption of Vitamin B6 336
IV. Transport of Vitamin B6 336
V. Metabolism of Vitamin B6 337
VI. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin B6 338
VII. Vitamin B6 Deficiency 343
VIII. Pharmacologic Uses of Vitamin B6 346
IX. Vitamin B6 Toxicity 347
X. Case Studies 347
Study Questions and Exercises 349
Recommended Reading 349
Chapter 14: Biotin 351
I. The Significance of Biotin 351
II. Sources of Biotin 352
III. Absorption of Biotin 354
IV. Transport of Biotin 354
V. Metabolism of Biotin 355
VI. Metabolic Functions of Biotin 356
VII. Biotin Deficiency 358
VIII. Biotin Toxicity 361
IX. Case Study 361
Study Questions and Exercises 363
Recommended Reading 364
Chapter 15: Pantothenic Acid 365
I. The Significance of Pantothenic Acid 365
II. Sources of Pantothenic Acid 366
III. Absorption of Pantothenic Acid 367
IV. Transport of Pantothenic Acid 367
V. Metabolism of Pantothenic Acid 368
VI. Metabolic Functions of Pantothenic Acid 370
VII. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency 372
VIII. Pantothenic Acid Toxicity 373
IX. Case Study 373
Study Questions and Exercises 374
Recommended Reading 374
Chapter 16: Folate 375
I. The Significance of Folate 376
II. Sources of Folate 376
III. Absorption of Folate 378
IV. Transport of Folate 380
V. Metabolism of Folate 382
VI. Metabolic Functions of Folate 385
VII. Folate Deficiency 395
VIII. Pharmacologic Uses of Folate 397
IX. Folate Toxicity 397
X. Case Study 398
Study Questions and Exercises 399
Recommended Reading 399
Chapter 17: Vitamin B12 401
I. The Significance of Vitamin B12 402
II. Sources of Vitamin B12 402
III. Absorption of Vitamin B12 403
IV. Transport of Vitamin B12 405
V. Metabolism of Vitamin B12 406
VI. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin B12 407
VII. Vitamin B12 Deficiency 408
VIII. Vitamin B12 Toxicity 415
IX. Case Study 415
Study Questions and Exercises 417
Recommended Reading 417
Chapter 18: Quasi-vitamins 419
I. Is the List of Vitamins Complete? 420
II. Choline 421
III. Carnitine 426
IV. myo-Inositol 433
V. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone 438
VI. Ubiquinones 440
VII. Flavonoids 442
VIII. Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids 445
IX. Orotic Acid 448
X. p-Aminobenzoic Acid 449
XI. Lipoic Acid 449
XII. Ineffective Factors 450
XIII. Unidentified Growth Factors 451
Study Questions and Exercises 451
Recommended Reading 452
Part III: Using Current Knowledge of the Vitamins 455
Chapter 19: Sources of the Vitamins 457
I. Vitamins in Foods 457
II. Vitamin Contents of Feedstuffs 461
III. Predicting Vitamin Contents 461
IV. Vitamin Bioavailability 468
V. Vitamin Losses 469
VI. Vitamin Supplementation and Fortification of Foods 471
VII. Vitamins in Human Diets 474
VIII. Vitamin Supplements 474
IX. Vitamin Labeling of Foods 479
X. Vitamins in Livestock Feeds 481
Study Questions and Exercises 486
Recommended Reading 487
Chapter 20: Assessing Vitamin Status 489
I. General Aspects of Nutritional Assessment 489
II. Assessment of Vitamin Status 491
III. Vitamin Status of Human Populations 494
Study Questions and Exercises 503
Recommended Reading 504
Chapter 21: Quantifying Vitamin Needs 505
I. Dietary Standards 505
II. Determining Dietary Standards for Vitamins 506
III. Factors Affecting Vitamin Requirements 507
IV. Vitamin Allowances for Humans 514
V. Vitamin Allowances for Animals 518
Study Questions and Exercises 522
Recommended Reading 522
Chapter 22: Vitamin Safety 523
I. Uses of Vitamins above Required Levels 523
II. Hazards of Excessive Vitamin Intakes 524
III. Signs of Hypervitaminoses 525
IV. Safe Intakes of Vitamins 530
Study Questions and Exercises 533
Recommended Reading 534
Appendices 535
Appendix A: Vitamin Terminology: Past and Present 535
Appendix B: Original Reports for Case Studies 539
Appendix C: A Core of Current Vitamin Research Literature 541
Appendix D: Vitamin Contents of Foods 547
Appendix E: Vitamin Contents of Feedstuffs 581
Index 585