Raman Microscopy (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Raman Microscopy: Developments and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 16
Preface 18
Acknowledgements 24
Chapter 1. The Raman Effect 30
I. Introduction 30
II. History of the Raman Effect 30
III. Mechanism of the Raman Effect 31
IV. Electromagnetic Radiation and Classical Light Scattering 34
V. Molecular Vibrations 37
VI. The Scattering Tensor 41
VII. Polarization in Gases and Liquids 44
VIII. Polarization in Crystals 45
IX. Raman Bandshapes 47
X. Resonance Raman Scattering and Fluorescence 49
XI. Postlog 52
Chapter 2. Characteristics of Raman Microscopy 56
I. Introduction 56
II. Excitation Focusing 56
III. Collection Optics 58
IV. Absorbing Samples 62
V. Microscope-Spectrometer Coupling 66
VI. Confocal Raman Microscopy 68
Chapter 3. Instrumentation 80
I. Introduction 80
II. Characteristics of Laser Sources 81
III. Microscope Objectives 86
IV. Spectral Analyzers 108
V. Photoelectric Detectors 135
VI. Fluorescent Samples 150
VII. Fiber Optics 157
VIII. A Brief Survey of Digital Signal Processing 181
Chapter 4. Raman Imaging 204
I. Introduction 204
II. Direct Imaging 205
III. Series Imaging 211
IV. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) and Collection Time 218
V. Hadamard Imaging versus Global Illumination and Line Scanning 220
VI. Examples of Applications 221
VII. Conclusion 225
Chapter 5. Raman Microscopy and Other Local-analysis Techniques 230
I. Introduction 230
II. Electron Microscopy 231
III. CoupUng of Raman and Electron Microscopies 239
IV. X-ray and Raman Microscopy Coupling 249
V. Coupling of Secondary Ion Mass and Raman Spectroscopies 253
VI. Coupling of Laser Mass Spectrometry (LMS, LAMM, LPMS) with the Raman Microprobe 257
VII. Summary of CoupHng with Electron, Ion and X-ray Microscopies 260
VIII. Microchromatography and Other Separation Methods 260
IX. Optical Waveguides: Raman Spectra of Films and Adsorbed Species 263
Chapter 6. Applications to Materials Science 272
I. Introduction 272
II. Inorganic Solids 273
III. Microelectronics and Semiconductors 287
V. Polymers and Fibers 308
V. General Conclusions 314
Chapter 7. Applications in Earth, Planetary and Environmental Sciences 318
I. Introduction 318
II. Practical Aspects 319
III. Mineralogy and Petrology 322
IV. Geochemistry 349
Chapter 8. Biological Applications 396
I. Introduction 396
II. From Histology to Cytology 397
III. From Morphology to Analysis 398
IV. Raman Microanalysis Applied to Bioaccumulations 399
V. Trends in Raman Microscopy as Applied to Cells and Tissues 402
VI. Conclusion 404
Chapter 9. Applications in Medicine 408
I. Introduction 408
II. Experimental Conditions for the Raman Microprobe Analysis of Biomedical Samples 413
III. Raman Microscopy of Single Living Cells and Chromosomes 418
IV. Raman Microscopy of Ocular Lenses 420
V. Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Microscopy 421
VI. Summary 444
Chapter 10. Applications in Art, Jewelry and Forensic Science 450
I. Introduction 450
II. Art objects 451
III. Jewellery 467
IV. Forensic Science 471
Index 484