Introduction to Emergency Management (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 5
Foreword 9
Introduction 11
Acknowledgments 15
1. The Historical Context of Emergency Management 17
Introduction 17
Early History: 1800–1950 18
The Cold War and the Rise of Civil Defense: 1950s 18
Natural Disasters Bring Changes to Emergency Management: 1960s 19
The Call for a National Focus on Emergency Management: 1970s 21
Civil Defense Reappears as Nuclear Attack Planning: 1980s 23
An Agency in Trouble: 1989–1992 25
The Witt Revolution: 1993–2001 26
Terrorism Becomes Major Focus: 2001 29
The Future: 2005 and Beyond 33
2. Natural and Technological Hazards and Risk Assessment 35
Introduction 35
Natural Hazards 35
Technological Hazards 58
Risk Assessment 69
Technology 71
Conclusion 71
3. The Disciplines of Emergency Management: Mitigation 73
Introduction 73
Tools for Mitigation 74
Impediments to Mitigation 79
Federal Mitigation Programs 80
Conclusion 84
Case Studies 85
4. The Disciplines of Emergency Management: Response 93
Introduction 93
Local Response 94
State Response 100
Volunteer Group Response 102
Incident Command System 104
The Federal Response 107
Communications among Responding Agencies 137
Conclusion 140
Case Studies 140
5. The Disciplines of Emergency Management: Recovery 147
Introduction 147
The National Response Plan for Disaster Recovery Operations 149
FEMA’s Individual Assistance Recovery Programs 151
FEMA’s Public Assistance Grant Programs 156
Other Federal Agency Disaster Recovery Funding 157
National Voluntary Relief Organizations 161
Recovery Planning Tools 162
Conclusion 163
Case Studies 163
6. The Disciplines of Emergency Management: Preparedness 173
Introduction 173
Preparedness: The Building Block 174
Mitigation versus Preparedness 174
A Systems Approach: The Preparedness Cycle 175
Preparedness Programs 178
Education and Training Programs 181
Exercises 187
Business Continuity Planning and Emergency Management 194
Conclusion 195
Case Studies 196
7. The Disciplines of Emergency Management: Communications 211
Introduction 211
Mission 211
Assumptions 212
Audiences/Customers 215
Crisis Communications: Response and Recovery 215
Communicating Preparedness and Mitigation Messages 218
Case Study: Project Impact 219
Case Study: Risk Communication„Parkfield, California 223
Working with the Media 223
Communications Means/Products 227
Case Study: Federal Government Communications during Anthrax Crisis 232
Conclusion 233
8. International Disaster Management 235
Introduction 235
Disasters in Developing Nations 235
International Involvement 236
Important Issues Influencing the Response Process 237
The United Nations System 238
Nongovernmental Organizations 246
Assistance Provided by the U.S. Government 251
The International Financial Institutions 255
Conclusion 258
Case Study: The Gujurat, India Earthquake 259
9. Emergency Management and the New Terrorist Threat 271
Introduction 271
Changes in Emergency Management and the War on Terrorism 271
Summary of September 11 Events 274
First Responder Evaluation 280
Federal Government Terrorism Activity 287
State Government Terrorism Activity 324
Local Government Terrorism Activities 326
Conclusion 335
Case Study: Redefining Readiness: Terrorism Planning through the Eyes of the PublicŽ 335
10. The Future of Emergency Management 343
Introduction 343
Organizational Changes 343
What Does This Mean for Emergency Management? 344
What Is the Future of Emergency Management? 345
Balancing Homeland and Security and Natural Disaster Management 348
Public Involvement in Preparedness Planning 349
Partnering with the Business Community 349
Prioritizing Resource Allocations 350
Organization of the Nation’s Emergency Management System 350
A New Path for Emergency Management 351
Conclusion 352
Appendix A: Acronyms 353
Appendix B: Emergency Management Web Sites 359
Appendix C: Emergency Management Agency Addresses 362
Appendix D: Ready.gov Citizen Preparedness Recommendations 384
Appendix E: A Day in the Life of Homeland Security 393
References 397
About the Authors 401
Index 403