Particle Physics and Cosmology: the Fabric of Spacetime (eBook)

Front cover 1
Particle Physics and Cosmology: The Fabric of Spacetime 4
Copyright page 5
Previous sessions 7
Organizers 10
Lecturers 12
Participants 14
Preface 18
Contents 24
Part 1. Long Lectures 34
Course 1. Gravitational waves 36
1. Introduction 40
2. Linearization of Einstein equations 41
3. Interaction of gravitational waves with point particles 46
4. Effective stress-energy tensor of gravitational waves 51
5. Generation of gravitational waves 54
6. Application to binary systems 58
7. Other astrophysical sources 69
8. Cosmological sources 72
References 81
Course 2. Baryogenesis 86
1. Observational evidence for the BAU 90
2. Sakharov's conditions for baryogenesis 93
3. Example: GUT baryogenesis 102
4. B and CP violation in the standard model 109
5. Electroweak phase transition and electroweak baryogenesis 115
6. A model of electroweak baryogenesis: 2HDM 128
7. EWBG in the MSSM 137
8. Other mechanisms Leptogenesis
References 145
Course 3. String cosmology 150
1. Dark energy 154
2. Inflation 163
References 192
Course 4. Physics of the early universe and inflation 198
1. Preamble 202
2. Concise history of the early universe 202
3. Inflation 214
4. Global geometry 227
5. Generation of fluctuations from inflation 244
6. Preheating after inflation 252
References 263
Course 5. Cosmic microwave background anisotropies up to second order 266
1. Preamble 270
2. Introduction 270
3. Perturbing gravity 273
4. The collisionless Boltzmann equation for photons 275
5. Collision term 279
6. The Brightness equation 289
7. The Boltzmann equation for baryons and cold dark matter 298
8. Linear solution of the Boltzmann equations 307
9. Conclusions 311
Appendix A. Einstein's equations 312
Appendix B. First-order solutions of Einstein's equations in various eras 316
References 317
Course 6. Physics beyond the standard model and dark matter 320
1. Introduction 324
2. Why beyond the standard model 328
3. Examples of physics beyond the standard model 335
4. Evidence for dark matter 343
5. What dark matter is not 345
6. WIMP dark matter 349
7. Dark horse candidates 361
8. Cosmic coincidence 365
9. Conclusions 367
Appendix A. Gravitational lensing 367
References 376
Part 2. Short Topical Lectures 382
Course 7. Effective field theories and gravitational radiation 384
1. Lecture I 388
2. Lecture II 403
3. Conclusions 425
Appendix A. Redundant operators 426
References 428
Course 8. Holographic cosmology 430
1. Introduction 434
2. Framework 434
3. Anti-de Sitter cosmologies 436
4. Dual field theory evolution 438
5. Discussion 442
References 443
Course 9. Neutrino physics and cosmology 444
1. Introduction 448
2. The cosmic neutrino background 448
3. Neutrinos and Primordial Nucleosynthesis 452
4. Extra radiation and the effective number of neutrinos 453
5. Massive neutrinos 454
6. Effects of neutrino masses on cosmology 457
7. Current bounds on neutrino masses 463
8. Future sensitivities on neutrino masses from cosmology 467
9. Conclusions 468
References 469
Course 10. Cosmic microwave background: observational status 470
1. Introduction 474
2. CMB temperature anisotropies: the ``early'' days 475
3. WMAP first release 476
4. Polarization of the CMB - discovery and first measurements 478
5. WMAP three year release 480
6. Conclusion 483
References 483
Course 11. Structure formation with numerical simulations 486
1. Introduction 490
2. The hierarchical scenario 490
3. Computational cosmology 491
4. Internal structure of dark matter haloes 493
5. The halo model 496
6. Galaxy formation physics 497
7. The Mare Nostrum simulation 499
8. Conclusion 502
References 502
Course 12. Giving mass to the graviton 504
1. Introduction 508
2. Theoretical obstructions to massive gravity 510
3. Constructing the massive gravity models 515
4. Linear perturbations 519
5. Some phenomenological implications 522
6. Summary and outlook 529
References 531
Part 3. Working Group Reports 534
Chapter 1. Dark matter on the smallest scales 536
1. Introduction 536
2. The dark matter problem 537
3. Dark matter candidates 538
4. Small scale structure 539
5. Detectability and future work 540
References 542
Chapter 2. Scalar gravity: post-Newtonian corrections via an effectivefield theory approach 544
1. Introduction 544
2. Scalar gravity 544
3. NRGR 545
4. Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann 546
5. Discussion – Conclusions 548
Chapter 3. Dark Matter in minimal trinification 550
1. Introduction 550
2. Trinification in a nutshell 551
3. A Dark Matter candidate 554
4. Conclusion and discussion 556
References 557
Chapter 4. Trans-Planckian physics from cosmology 558
1. Introduction 558
2. Standard approach 559
3. Trans-Planckian behavior: non-linear dispersion relation 560
References 562
Chapter 5. A pedagogical primer on preheating 564
1. Introduction 564
2. Inflation and its end 565
3. A simple model of preheating 565
4. Gravitational fluctuations 567
References 568
Chapter 6. Braneworld graviton interactions in early universe phasetransitions 570
1. Braneworld cosmology 570
2. Brane inflation and the Electroweak phase transition 571
3. Gravitons 572
References 574
Part 4. Individual Seminars 576