Reservoir Formation Damage (eBook)

Front cover 1
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 8
PREFACE 16
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 20
1 OVERVIEW OF FORMATION DAMAGE 22
Summary 22
1.1 INTRODUCTION 22
1.2 COMMON FORMATION DAMAGE PROBLEMS, FACTORS, AND MECHANISMS 26
1.3 TEAM FOR UNDERSTANDING AND MITIGATION OF FORMATION DAMAGE 28
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE BOOK 28
Exercises 29
PART I Characterization of Reservoir Rock for Formation Damage – Mineralogy, Texture, Petrographics, Petrophysics, and Instrumental Techniques 32
2 MINERALOGY AND MINERAL SENSITIVITY OF PETROLEUM-BEARING FORMATIONS 34
Summary 34
2.1 INTRODUCTION 35
2.2 ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM-BEARING FORMATIONS 35
2.3 CONSTITUENTS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 36
2.4 COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM-BEARING FORMATIONS 37
2.5 MINERAL SENSITIVITY OF SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS 39
2.6 MECHANISM OF CLAY SWELLING 49
2.7 MODELING CLAY SWELLING 55
2.8 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY 77
2.9 SHALE SWELLING AND STABILITY 84
Exercises 94
3 PETROGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM-BEARING FORMATIONS 99
Summary 99
3.1 INTRODUCTION 99
3.2 PETROGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 100
3.3 MORPHOLOGY OF DISPERSED CLAYS IN SANDSTONES 114
3.4 ROCK DAMAGE TENDENCY AND FORMATION DAMAGE INDEX NUMBER 116
3.5 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION 120
Exercises 121
4 PETROPHYSICS – FLOW FUNCTIONS AND PARAMETERS 122
Summary 122
4.1 INTRODUCTION 122
4.2 WETTABILITY ALTERATION 123
4.3 DEPENDENCE OF END-POINT SATURATIONS TO POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY 129
4.4 ALTERATION OF FLOW FUNCTIONS: CAPILLARY PRESSURE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY 132
4.5 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY OF THE ROCK WETTABILITY 137
4.6 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FORMATION DAMAGE 140
4.7 EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY OF DISPERSED CLAYS ON CAPILLARY PRESSURE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN SANDSTONES 142
Exercises 144
5 POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 146
Summary 146
5.1 INTRODUCTION 146
5.2 BASIC MODELS FOR PERMEABILITY OF ROCKS 147
5.3 SPECIAL EFFECTS 158
5.4 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS 160
Exercises 171
6 INSTRUMENTAL AND LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF RESERVOIR ROCK 175
Summary 175
6.1 INTRODUCTION 175
6.2 FORMATION EVALUATION (FE) 176
6.3 INSTRUMENTAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 179
Exercises 192
PART II Characterization of the Porous Media Processes for Formation Damage – Accountability of Phases and Species, Rock–Fluid-Particle Interactions, and Rate Processes 196
7 MULTIPHASE AND MULTISPECIES TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA 198
Summary 198
7.1 INTRODUCTION 198
7.2 MULTIPHASE AND SPECIES SYSTEMS IN POROUS MEDIA 199
7.3 ALTERNATIVE EXPRESSIONS OF VARIOUS SPECIES AND FLOW FOR SYSTEMS IN POROUS MEDIA 200
7.4 MULTISPECIES AND MULTIPHASE MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT EQUATIONS 205
Exercises 210
8 PARTICULATE PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA 212
Summary 212
8.1 INTRODUCTION 212
8.2 PARTICULATE PROCESSES 214
8.3 PROPERTIES AFFECTING PARTICLES 215
8.4 FORCES ACTING UPON PARTICLES 216
8.5 RATE EQUATIONS FOR PARTICULATE PROCESSES IN POROUS MATRIX 224
8.6 PARTICULATE PHENOMENA IN MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS 241
8.7 TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON PARTICULATE PROCESSES 248
Exercises 254
9 CRYSTAL GROWTH AND SCALE FORMATION IN POROUS MEDIA1 256
Summary 256
9.1 INTRODUCTION 256
9.2 TYPES OF PRECIPITATION 257
9.3 SOLID–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM AND SOLUBILITY EQUATION 258
9.4 CRYSTALLIZATION PHENOMENA 260
9.5 PARTICLE GROWTH AND DISSOLUTION IN SOLUTION 270
9.6 SCALE FORMATION AND DISSOLUTION AT THE PORE SURFACE 271
9.7 CRYSTAL SURFACE PITTING AND DISPLACEMENT BY DISSOLUTION 274
Exercises 275
PART III Formation Damage by Particulate Processes – Fines Mobilization, Migration, and Deposition 278
10 SINGLE–PHASE FORMATION DAMAGE BY FINES MIGRATION AND CLAY SWELLING 280
Summary 280
10.1 INTRODUCTION 280
10.2 ALGEBRAIC CORE IMPAIRMENT MODEL 281
10.3 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL COMPARTMENTS-IN-SERIES CORE IMPAIRMENT MODEL 294
10.4 SIMPLE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL CORE IMPAIRMENT MODEL 298
10.5 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL CORE IMPAIRMENT MODEL CONSIDERING THE CLAYEY FORMATION SWELLING AND BOTH THE INDIGENOUS AND THE EXTERNAL PARTICLES 300
10.6 PLUGGING–NONPLUGGING PARALLEL PATHWAYS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL CORE IMPAIRMENT MODEL 306
10.7 MODEL-ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA 313
Exercises 336
11 MULTIPHASE FORMATION DAMAGE BY FINES MIGRATION 338
Summary 338
11.1 INTRODUCTION 338
11.2 FORMULATION OF A MULTIPHASE FORMATION DAMAGE MODEL 339
11.3 MODEL-ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA 352
Exercises 360
12 CAKE FILTRATION: MECHANISM, PARAMETERS, AND MODELING 362
Summary 362
12.1 INTRODUCTION 363
12.2 INCOMPRESSIVE CAKE FILTRATION WITHOUT FINES INTRUSION 366
12.3 COMPRESSIVE CAKE FILTRATION INCLUDING FINES INVASION 395
Exercises 422
PART IV Formation Damage by Inorganic and Organic Processes – Chemical Reactions, Saturation Phenomena, Deposition, and Dissolution 426
13 INORGANIC SCALING AND GEOCHEMICAL FORMATION DAMAGE 428
Summary 428
13.1 INTRODUCTION 428
13.2 GEOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA - CLASSIFICATION, FORMULATION, MODELING, AND SIMULATION 431
13.3 REACTIONS IN POROUS MEDIA 433
13.4 GEOCHEMICAL MODELING 442
13.5 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROCK–FLUID CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 447
13.6 GEOCHEMICAL MODEL-ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF FLUID–FLUID AND ROCK–FLUID COMPATIBILITY 452
13.7 GEOCHEMICAL SIMULATION OF ROCK–FLUID INTERACTIONS IN BRINE-SATURATED SEDIMENTARY BASINS 477
Exercises 488
14 FORMATION DAMAGE BY ORGANIC DEPOSITION 489
Summary 489
14.1 INTRODUCTION 489
14.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALTENIC OILS 492
14.3 MECHANISMS OF THE HEAVY ORGANIC DEPOSITION 498
14.4 ASPHALTENE AND WAX PHASE BEHAVIOR 500
14.5 PREDICTION OF ASPHALTENE STABILITY AND MEASUREMENT (DETECTION) OF THE ONSET OF ASPHALTENE FLOCCULATION 523
14.6 ALGEBRAIC MODEL FOR FORMATION DAMAGE BY ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION IN SINGLE PHASE 535
14.7 PLUGGING–NONPLUGGING PATHWAYS MODEL FOR ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION IN SINGLE PHASE 537
14.8 TWO-PHASE AND DUAL-POROSITY MODEL FOR SIMULTANEOUS ASPHALTENE–PARAFFIN DEPOSITION 542
14.9 SINGLE-POROSITY AND TWO-PHASE MODEL FOR ORGANIC DEPOSITION 553
Exercises 576
PART V Assessment of the Formation Damage Potential – Testing, Simulation, Analysis, and Interpretation 578
15 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF FORMATION DAMAGE 580
Summary 580
15.1 INTRODUCTION 580
15.2 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES OF PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE FOR FORMATION DAMAGE IN PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS 582
15.3 SELECTION OF RESERVOIR-COMPATIBLE FLUIDS 583
15.4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR FORMATION DAMAGE TESTING 585
15.5 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR LABORATORY FORMATION DAMAGE TESTS 598
15.6 PROTOCOL FOR STANDARD CORE FLOOD TESTS 609
15.7 LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF COMMON FORMATION DAMAGE PROBLEMS 616
15.8 EVALUATION OF THE RESERVOIR FORMATION DAMAGE POTENTIAL BY LABORATORY TESTING – A CASE STUDY 637
Exercises 664
16 FORMATION DAMAGE SIMULATOR DEVELOPMENT 666
Summary 666
16.1 INTRODUCTION 666
16.2 DESCRIPTION OF FUNDAMENTAL MODEL EQUATIONS 668
16.3 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF FORMATION DAMAGE MODELS 670
16.4 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 672
16.5 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 676
Exercises 689
17 MODEL-ASSISTED ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS 691
Summary 691
17.1 INTRODUCTION 692
17.2 MEASUREMENT ERROR 694
17.3 MODEL VALIDATION, REFINEMENT, AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION 703
17.4 FORMATION DAMAGE POTENTIAL OF STIMULATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 710
17.5 REACTIVE-TRANSPORT SIMULATION OF DOLOMITIZATION, ANHYDRITE CEMENTATION, AND POROSITY EVOLUTION 739
17.6 IMPACT OF SCALE DEPOSITION IN A RESERVOIR 741
17.7 SIMULATION OF FINE PARTICLE MOBILIZATION, MIGRATION, AND DEPOSITION IN A CORE PLUG 748
Exercises 753
PART VI Formation Damage Models for Fields Applications – Drilling Mud Invasion, Injectivity of Wells, Sanding and Gravel-Pack Damage, and Inorganic and Organic Deposition 760
18 DRILLING MUD FILTRATE AND SOLIDS INVASION AND MUDCAKE FORMATION 762
Summary 762
18.1 INTRODUCTION 762
18.2 DEPTH OF MUD DAMAGE CORRELATION 767
18.3 SINGLE-PHASE MUD FILTRATE INVASION MODEL 768
18.4 TWO-PHASE WELLBORE MUD INVASION AND FILTER CAKE FORMATION MODEL 772
18.5 NEAR-WELLBORE FILTRATE INVASION 776
18.6 DYNAMICALLY-COUPLED MUDCAKE BUILD-UP AND IMMISCIBLE MULTIPHASE FILTRATE INVASION 779
18.7 DRILLING MUD LOSS INTO NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS 783
Exercises 795
19 INJECTIVITY OF THE WATERFLOODING WELLS 796
Summary 796
19.1 INTRODUCTION 796
19.2 INJECTIVITY OF WELLS 798
19.3 WATER QUALITY RATIO (WQR) 801
19.4 SINGLE-PHASE FILTRATION PROCESSES 808
19.5 DIAGNOSTIC-TYPE CURVES FOR WATER INJECTIVITY TESTS 821
19.6 INJECTION RATE DECLINE FUNCTION 823
19.7 FIELD APPLICATIONS 823
Exercises 833
20 RESERVOIR SAND MIGRATION AND GRAVEL-PACK DAMAGE: STRESS-INDUCED FORMATION DAMAGE, SANDING TENDENCY, AND PREDICTION 835
Summary 835
20.1 INTRODUCTION 835
20.2 PREDICTION OF SANDING CONDITIONS USING A SIMPLE MODEL 837
20.3 PREDICTION OF MASSIVE SAND PRODUCTION USING A DIFFERENTIAL MODEL 838
20.4 MODELING SAND RETENTION IN GRAVEL-PACKS 844
20.5 RESERVOIR COMPACTION AND SUBSIDENCE 845
Exercises 848
21 NEAR-WELLBORE FORMATION DAMAGE BY INORGANIC AND ORGANIC PRECIPITATES DEPOSITION 850
Summary 850
21.1 INTRODUCTION 850
21.2 MODELING NEAR-WELLBORE DEPOSITION AND ITS EFFECT ON WELL PERFORMANCE 852
21.3 NEAR-WELLBORE SULFUR DEPOSITION 857
21.4 NEAR-WELLBORE CALCITE DEPOSITION 861
21.5 NEAR-WELLBORE ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION 863
Exercises 875
PART VII Diagnosis and Mitigation of Formation Damage – Measurement, Assessment, Control, and Remediation 878
22 FIELD DIAGNOSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF FORMATION DAMAGE 880
22.1 INTRODUCTION 880
22.2 DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF FORMATION DAMAGE IN THE FIELD 881
22.3 PSEUDO-DAMAGE VS. FORMATION DAMAGE 884
22.4 MEASURES OF FORMATION DAMAGE 885
22.5 MODEL-ASSISTED ESTIMATION OF SKIN FACTOR 894
22.6 MODEL-ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF THE NEAR- WELLBORE PERMEABILITY ALTERATION USING PRESSURE TRANSIENT DATA 894
22.7 PRODUCTIVITY DECLINE CAUSED BY MUD INVASION INTO NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS 899
22.8 CONTINUOUS REAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR DETECTION AND MONITORING FORMATION DAMAGE EFFECTS 902
22.9 FORMATION DAMAGE EXPERT SYSTEM 907
Exercises 909
23 DETERMINATION OF FORMATION DAMAGE AND PSEUDO-DAMAGE FROM WELL PERFORMANCE-IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION 910
23.1 INTRODUCTION 911
23.2 COMPLETION DAMAGE AND FLOW EFFICIENCY 912
23.3 FORMATION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN THE FIELD BY WELL SURVEILLANCE 923
23.4 WELL-TESTING TECHNIQUES, RESERVOIR PARAMETERS, AND INTERPRETATION METHODS 925
23.5 COMPONENTS OF THE TOTAL SKIN FACTOR 936
23.6 VARIABLE SKIN FACTOR 950
Exercises 956
24 FORMATION DAMAGE CONTROL AND REMEDIATION – CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES AND REMEDIAL TREATMENTS FOR COMMON PROBLEMS 958
24.1 INTRODUCTION 959
24.2 SELECTION OF TREATMENT FLUIDS 962
24.3 CLAY STABILIZATION 963
24.4 CLAY AND SILT FINES 969
24.5 EFFECT OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON SHALE STABILITY 970
24.6 BACTERIAL DAMAGE 974
24.7 INORGANIC SCALES 975
24.8 ORGANIC DEPOSITS 977
24.9 MIXED ORGANIC/INORGANIC DEPOSITS 980
24.10 FORMATION DAMAGE INDUCED BY COMPLETION- FLUIDS AND CRUDE- OIL EMULSIONS 980
24.11 WETTABILITY ALTERATION AND EMULSION AND WATER BLOCKS 981
24.12 INTENSE HEAT TREATMENT 981
24.13 SAND CONTROL 981
24.14 WELL STIMULATION 989
24.15 RECAPUTALIZATION OF THE METHODS FOR FORMATION DAMAGE MITIGATION 990
24.16 SANDSTONE AND CARBONATE FORMATION ACIDIZING 990
24.17 WATER INJECTIVITY MANAGEMENT 1002
24.18 CONTROLLING THE ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS OF REMEDIAL TREATMENTS 1003
Exercises 1005
25 RESERVOIR FORMATION DAMAGE ABATEMENT – GUIDELINES, METHODOLOGY, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, AND REMEDIATION TREATMENTS 1006
25.1 INTRODUCTION 1007
25.2 COMPREHENSIVE METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION OF FORMATION DAMAGE 1010
25.3 TREATMENT FLUID APPLICATION METHODS 1031
25.4 THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC COUPLING OF WELLBORE WITH RESERVOIR DURING REMEDIAL FLUID TREATMENTS ILLUSTRATED FOR HYDRAULICALLY FRACTURED WELL ACIDIZING 1032
Exercises 1045
REFERENCES 1049
INDEX 1112