Hematopathology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Hematopathology: Morphology, Immunophenotype, Cytogenetics and Molecular Approaches 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 10
Acknowledgements 12
List of Contributors 14
Chapter 1. Structure and Function of Hematopoietic Tissues 16
BONE MARROW STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 16
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN 32
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE LYMPH NODES 37
REFERENCES 39
Chapter 2. Principles of Immunophenotyping 42
THE HUMAN CELL DIFFERENTIATION MOLECULES 42
B-CELL-ASSOCIATED CD MOLECULES 42
OTHER B-CELL-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 53
T-CELL-ASSOCIATED CD MOLECULES 54
CD45RA AND CD45RO 55
T-CELL RECEPTOR MOLECULES 55
OTHER T-CELL-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 55
CD CLUSTERS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES 55
OTHER NK/LGL-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 56
GRANULOCYTIC/MONOCYTIC-ASSOCIATED CD MOLECULES 56
OTHER GRANULOCYTIC/MONOCYTIC-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 57
ERYTHROID-ASSOCIATED CD MOLECULES 57
OTHER ERYTHROID-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 57
MEGAKARYOCYTE/PLATELET-ASSOCIATED CD MOLECULES 57
OTHER MEGAKARYOCYTE/PLATELET-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 57
PRECURSOR-ASSOCIATED CD MOLECULES 58
OTHER PRECURSOR-ASSOCIATED MARKERS 58
OTHER MARKERS ROUTINELY USED IN HEMATOPATHOLOGY 58
IMMUNOGLOBULIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 59
PRINCIPLES OF FLOW CYTOMETRY 59
GATING 60
COMPENSATION 60
DATA ANALYSIS 60
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ISSUES 62
PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY 62
REFERENCES 65
Chapter 3. Principles of Cytogenetics 72
INTRODUCTION 72
CELL PREPARATION 73
BANDING TECHNIQUES 74
ANALYSIS 74
REFERENCES 78
Chapter 4. Principles of Molecular Techniques 80
FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION 80
PCR AND RELATED TECHNIQUES 89
BLOTTING TECHNIQUES 91
MICROARRAY TECHNIQUES 92
DNA SEQUENCING 92
REFERENCES 94
Chapter 5. Morphology of Abnormal Bone Marrow 96
GELATINOUS TRANSFORMATION 96
BONE MARROW NECROSIS 96
AMYLOIDOSIS 98
GRANULOMAS 100
BONE MARROW METASTASIS 104
POST-THERAPEUTIC CHANGES 106
BONE AND STROMAL CHANGES 108
REFERENCES 113
Chapter 6. Reactive Lymphadenopathies 116
FOLLICULAR HYPERPLASIA 116
PARACORTICAL (INTERFOLLICULAR) PATTERN 118
SINUS PATTERN 118
GRANULOMATOUS LYMPHADENITIS 122
MIXED PATTERN 122
REFERENCES 127
Chapter 7. Bone Marrow Aplasia 130
FANCONI ANEMIA 130
OTHER CONGENITAL BONE MARROW APLASIAS 132
ACQUIRED APLASTIC ANEMIA 133
PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA 135
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 139
REFERENCES 139
Chapter 8. Myelodysplastic Syndromes 144
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 144
GENERAL MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES 146
IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC STUDIES 148
MOLECULAR STUDIES 151
CYTOGENETICS 152
CLASSIFICATION 158
OTHER TYPES OF MDS 163
CLINICAL ASPECTS 164
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 165
REFERENCES 167
Chapter 9. Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases 170
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA 172
CHRONIC NEUTROPHILIC LEUKEMIA 184
IDIOPATHIC HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA 186
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA 189
CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC MYELOFIBROSIS 192
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA 196
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 199
REFERENCES 201
Chapter 10. Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases 206
CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 206
ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA 212
JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 215
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 218
REFERENCES 218
Chapter 11. Acute Myeloid Leukemia 222
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 222
AML WITH RECURRENT GENETIC ABNORMALITIES 227
AML WITH MULTILINEAGE DYSPLASIA 236
AML AND MDS, THERAPY RELATED 238
AMLs NOT OTHERWISE CATEGORIZED 242
OTHER TYPES OF AML 261
REFERENCES 263
Chapter 12. The Neoplasms of Precursor Lymphoblasts 272
PRECURSOR B-LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA 272
PRECURSOR T-LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOBLASTIC LYMPHOMA 283
OTHER LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA VARIANTS 288
REFERENCES 290
Chapter 13. Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage 294
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 294
PATHOLOGY 295
CLINICAL ASPECTS 298
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 299
REFERENCES 300
Chapter 14. Lymphoid Malignancies of Non-precursor Cells: General Considerations 302
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 302
PATHOLOGY 303
CLINICAL ASPECTS 308
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 309
REFERENCES 310
Chapter 15. Mature B-Cell Neoplasms 312
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA/SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA 316
B-CELL PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 328
LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC LYMPHOMA/WALDENSTROM MACROGLOBULINEMIA 331
SPLENIC MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA 335
EXTRANODAL MARGINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA OF MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE 339
NODAL MARGINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA 343
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA 344
FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA 348
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA 354
DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA 364
MEDIASTINAL LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA 368
OTHER VARIANTS OF LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA 371
BURKITT LYMPHOMA 374
REFERENCES 379
Chapter 16. Plasma Cell Myeloma and Related Disorders 388
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 388
MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE 401
PLASMA CELL MYELOMA 401
PLASMACYTOMA 404
OSTEOSCLEROTIC MYELOMA 405
MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEPOSITION DISEASES 405
REFERENCES 408
Chapter 17. Mature T-cell and NK-Cell Neoplasms 412
T-CELL PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 412
LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS AND RELATED DISORDERS 416
T-CELL LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 417
AGGRESSIVE NK-CELL LEUKEMIA 419
EXTRANODAL NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA, NASAL TYPE 421
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 423
BLASTIC NK-CELL LYMPHOMA 424
FULMINANT EBV-POSITIVE T-CELL LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER 424
ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA 424
MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES AND SEZARY SYNDROME 428
HEPATOSPLENIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA 431
ENTEROPATHY-TYPE T-CELL LYMPHOMA 435
ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA 435
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ALCL 440
OTHER PRIMARY CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMAS 442
ANGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA 443
PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMA, UNSPECIFIED 446
REFERENCES 449
Chapter 18. Hodgkin Lymphoma 456
NODULAR-LYMPHOCYTE-PREDOMINANT HODGKIN LYMPHOMA 456
CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA 460
REFERENCES 466
Chapter 19. Non-neoplastic and Borderline Lymphocytic Disorders 470
LYMPHOCYTOPENIA 470
LYMPHOCYTOSIS 476
LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS OF VARIABLE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL 480
REFERENCES 486
Chapter 20. Mastocytosis 492
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 492
PATHOLOGY 492
CLINICAL ASPECTS 495
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 501
REFERENCES 502
Chapter 21. Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Disorders 504
MONOCYTIC AND HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS 504
DENDRITIC CELL DISORDERS 514
REFERENCES 523
Chapter 22. Granulocytic Disorders 528
MORPHOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES 528
FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES 530
NEUTROPENIA 534
NEUTROPHILIA 536
EOSINOPHILIA 539
BASOPHILIA 539
MASTOCYTOSIS 540
REFERENCES 540
Chapter 23. Disorder of Red Blood Cells: Anemias 544
PURE RED CELL APLASIA 545
CONGENITAL DYSERYTHROPOIETIC ANEMIAS 548
MACROCYTIC ANEMIAS 553
MICROCYTIC ANEMIAS 559
SICKLE CELL DISEASE 564
OTHER HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES 566
ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE SKELETON DEFECTS 566
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA SECONDARY TO ERYTHROCYTE ENZYME DEFICIENCIES 568
IMMUNE-MEDIATED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA 569
OTHER IMMUNE-MEDIATED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS 571
ACQUIRED NON-IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS 572
OTHER TYPES OF ANEMIA 573
REFERENCES 574
Chapter 24. Disorders of Megakaryocytes and Platelets 582
MEGAKARYOCYTIC HYPOPLASIA 582
MEGAKARYOCYTOSIS 582
THROMBOCYTOPENIA 583
QUALITATIVE DISORDERS OF PLATELETS AND MEGAKARYOCYTES 586
CONGENITAL PLATELET DISORDERS 587
ACQUIRED PLATELET DISORDERS 593
PLATELET DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS 593
REFERENCES 593
Index 598
A 598
B 599
C 600
D 604
E 604
F 604
G 605
H 605
I 606
J 607
K 607
L 607
M 608
N 609
O 609
P 610
Q 611
R 611
S 611
T 611
U 612
V 612
W 612
X 612
Z 612