Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
List of Contributors 16
PART l: DETERMINATION OF OPTICAL CONSTANTS 18
Chapter 1. Introductory Remarks 20
I. Introduction 20
II. The Chapters 21
III. The Critiques 22
IV. The Tables 23
V. The Figures of the Tables 24
VI. General Remarks 25
References 26
Chapter 2. Basic Parameters for Measuring Optical Properties 28
I. Introduction 28
II. Intrinsic Material Parameters in Terms of Optical Constants 33
III. Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Layered Structures 35
IV. The General Lamelliform „ Phase Coherency Throughout 36
V. The General Lamelliform „ Phase Incoherency in Substrate 38
VI. Summary 41
Appendix A. Basic Formulas for Fresnel Coefficients 41
Appendix B. General Formulas for the Case of a Parallel-Sided Slab 42
Appendix C. Reflectance, Rjk AT j - k Interface 43
Appendix D. Reflectance of Single Layer on Each Side of a Slab and Single Layer on Either Side of a Slab 43
Appendix E. Critical Angle of Incidence 47
Definition of Terms 50
References 51
Chapter 3. Dispersion Theory, Sum Rules, and Their Application to the Analysis of Optical Data 52
I. Introduction 53
II. Optical Sum Rules and Their Physical Interpretation 53
III. Finite-Energy Sum Rules 62
IV. Sum Rules for Reflection Spectroscopy 68
V. Analysis of Optical Data and Sum-Rule Applications 72
VI. Summary 81
References 81
Chapter 4. Measurement of Optical Constants in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectral Region 86
I. Introduction 86
II. General Discussion of Reflectance Methods 87
III. Reflectance Method for Two Media 102
References 104
Chapter 5. The Accurate Determination of Optical Properties by Ellipsometry 106
I. Reflection Techniques Background and Overview106
II. Measurement Configurations 109
III. Accurate Determination of Optical Properties: Overlayer Effects 113
IV. Living with Overlayers 116
V. Eliminating Overlayers 119
VI. Bulk and Thin-Film Effects Effective-Medium Theory121
VII. Conclusion 125
References 127
Chapter 6. Interferometric Methods for the Determination of Thin-Film Parameters 130
I. Introduction 130
II. Basic Principles 131
III. Nonlaser Interferometers 134
IV. Kösters-Prism Interferometers 140
V. A Self-Calibrating Method 143
VI. Surface Effects 148
VII. Conclusions 149
References 150
Chapter 7. Thin-Film Absorptance Measurements Using Laser Calorimetry 152
I. Introduction 152
II. Single-Layer Films 155
III. Wedged-Film Laser Calorimetry 156
IV. Electric-Field Considerations in Laser Calorimetry 160
V. Entrance versus Exit Surface Films 164
VI. Experimental Determination of af, aaf and afs 166
References 170
Chapter 8. Complex Index of Refraction Measurements at Near-Millimeter Wavelengths 172
I. Introduction 172
II. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 173
III. Free-Space Resonant Cavity 178
IV. Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 180
V. Direct Birefringence Measurement 181
VI. Overmoded Nonresonant Cavity 182
VII. Crystal Quartz as Index Reference 182
VIII. Conclusion 184
References 184
Chapter 9. The Quantum Extension of the Drude–Zener Theory in Polar Semiconductors 186
I. Introduction 186
II. Quantum Theory of Free-Carrier Absorption 189
III. Theoretical Results 191
IV. Comparison with Experimental Data 193
Appendix 204
References 205
Chapter 10. Interband Absorption--Mechanisms and Interpretation 206
I. Introduction 206
II. One-Electron Model 207
III. Electron–Hole Interaction, Excitons 215
IV. Local Field Effects 220
V. Examples 221
References 227
General References 228
Chapter 11. Optical Properties of Nonmetallic Solids for Photon Energies below the Fundamental Band Gap 230
I. Introduction 230
II. Infrared Dispersion by Polar Crystals 232
III. Kramers–Kronig Dispersion Relations 244
IV. Determination of Absorption Coefficient in the Intermediate Region 246
V. Absorption Coefficient in the Transparent Regime 247
VI. Multiphonon Absorption 249
VII. Infrared Absorption by Defects and Disorders 271
VIII. Infrared Dispersion by Plasmons 280
References 284
PART II: CRITIQUES 288
Subpart 1. Metals 290
Chapter 12. Comments on the Optical Constants of Metals and an Introduction to the Data for Several Metals 292
I. Introduction 292
II. Anomalous Skin Effect 294
References 296
III. Copper (Cu) 297
References 297
IV. Gold (Au) 303
References 304
V. Iridium (Ir) 313
References 313
VI. Molybdenum (Mo) 320
References 321
VII. Nickel (Ni) 330
References 331
VIII. Osmium (Os) 341
References 341
IX. Platinum (Pt) 350
References 351
X. Rhodium (Rh) 359
References 359
XI. Silver (Ag) 367
References 368
XII. Tungsten (W) 374
References 375
Chapter 13. The Optical Properties of Metallic Aluminum 386
I. General Features 386
II. Optical Measurements and Sample Conditions 389
III. Tabulated Data 394
References 400
Subpart 2. Semiconductors 424
Chapter 14. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 426
References 430
Chapter 15. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) 446
References 449
Chapter 16. Gallium Phosphide (GaP) 462
References 466
Chapter 17. Germanium (Ge) 482
References 486
Chapter 18. Indium Arsenide (InAs) 496
References 498
Chapter 19. Indium Antimonide (InSb) 508
References 511
Chapter 20. Indium Phosphide (InP) 520
References 523
Chapter 21. Lead Selenide (PbSe) 534
References 535
Chapter 22. Lead Sulfide (PbS) 542
References 545
Chapter 23. Lead Telluride (PbTe) 552
References 555
Chapter 24. Silicon (Si) 564
References 569
Chapter 25. Silicon (Amorphous) (a-si) 588
References 590
Chapter 26. Silicon Carbide (SiC) 604
References 606
Chapter 27. Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) 614
References 619
Subpart 3. Insulators 638
Chapter 28. Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) 640
References 642
Chapter 29. Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) 658
References 661
Chapter 30. Cubic Carbon (Diamond) 682
References 685
Chapter 31. Lithium Fluoride (LiF) 692
References 695
Chapter 32. Lithium Niobote (LiNb03) 712
References 714
Chapter 33. Potassium Chloride (KCI) 720
References 723
Chapter 34. Silicon Dioxide (Si02), Type a (Crystalline) 736
References 738
Chapter 35. Silicon Dioxide (Si02) (Glass) 766
References 769
Chapter 36. Silicon Monoxide (SiO) (Noncrystalline) 782
References 783
Chapter 37. Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) (Noncrystalline) 788
References 789
Chapter 38. Sodium Chloride (NaCI) 792
References 796
Chapter 39. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) (Rutile) 812
References 815