Structured Light and Its Applications (eBook)

Front cover 1
Structured Light and Its Applications: An Introduction to Phase-Structured Beams and Nanoscale Optical Forces 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Author Affiliations 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Introduction to Phase-Structured Electromagnetic Waves 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Laguerre-Gaussian Beams and Orbital Angular Momentum 17
1.3 Bessel and Mathieu Beams 22
1.4 General Solution of the Wave Equation 23
1.5 Classical or Quantum? 23
1.6 Creating Laguerre-Gaussian Beams with Lenses and Holograms 24
1.7 Coherence: Spatial and Temporal 26
1.8 Transformations Between Basis Sets 27
1.9 Conclusion 29
References 30
Chapter 2. Angular Momentum and Vortices in Optics 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Classical Angular Momentum of Fields and Particles 37
2.3 Separation of Radiative Angular Momentum in L and S 39
2.4 Multipole Fields and Their Vortex Structure 42
2.5 Angular Momentum of Monochromatic Paraxial Beams 48
2.6 Quantum Description of Paraxial Beams 55
2.7 Nonmonochromatic Paraxial Beam 57
2.8 Operator Description of Classical Paraxial Beams 63
2.9 Dynamics of Optical Vortices 70
2.10 Conclusion 74
References 75
Chapter 3. Singular Optics and Phase Properties 78
3.1 Fundamental Phase Singularities 79
3.2 Beams with Composite Vortices 84
3.3 Noninteger Vortex Beams 87
3.4 Propagation Dynamics 89
3.5 Conclusions 89
Acknowledgments 90
References 90
Chapter 4. Nanoscale Optics: Interparticle Forces 94
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 QED Description of Optically Induced Pair Forces 97
4.3 Overview of Applications 113
4.4 Discussion 116
Acknowledgments 117
References 117
Chapter 5. Near-Field Optical Micromanipulation 122
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Theoretical Considerations for Near-Field Trapping 126
5.3 Experimental Guiding and Trapping of Particles in the Near Field 128
5.4 Emergent Themes in the Near Field 144
5.5 Conclusions 149
Acknowledgments 149
References 149
Chapter 6. Holographic Optical Tweezers 154
6.1 Background 154
6.2 Example Rationale for Constructing Extended Arrays of Traps 155
6.3 Experimental Details 157
6.4 Algorithms for Holographic Optical Traps 164
6.5 The Future of Holographic Optical Tweezers 177
Acknowledgments 177
References 177
Chapter 7. Atomic and Molecular Manipulation Using Structured Light 184
7.1 Introduction 184
7.2 A Brief Overview 185
7.3 Transfer of OAM to Atoms and Molecules 186
7.4 Doppler Forces and Torques 187
7.5 The Doppler Shift 195
7.6 Rotational Effects on Liquid Crystals 201
7.7 Comments and Conclusions 206
Acknowledgments 207
References 207
Chapter 8. Optical Vortex Trapping and the Dynamics of Particle Rotation 210
8.1 Introduction 210
8.2 Computational Electromagnetic Modeling of Optical Trapping 211
8.3 Electromagnetic Angular Momentum 214
8.4 Electromagnetic Angular Momentum of Paraxial and Nonparaxial Optical Vortices 217
8.5 Nonparaxial Optical Vortices 220
8.6 Trapping in Vortex Beams 226
8.7 Symmetry and Optical Torque 233
8.8 Zero Angular Momentum Optical Vortices 241
8.9 Gaussian ``Longitudinal'' Optical Vortex 243
8.10 Conclusion 246
References 246
Chapter 9. Rotation of Particles in Optical Tweezers 252
9.1 Introduction 252
9.2 Using Intensity Shaped Beams to Orient and Rotate Trapped Objects 253
9.3 Angular Momentum Transfer to Particles Held in Optical Tweezers 255
9.4 Out of Plane Rotation in Optical Tweezers 257
9.5 Rotation of Helically Shaped Particles in Optical Tweezers 258
9.6 Applications of Rotational Control in Optical Tweezers 259
References 262
Chapter 10. Rheological and Viscometric Methods 264
10.1 Introduction 264
10.2 Optical Torque Measurement 266
10.3 A Rotating Optical Tweezers-Based Microviscometer 269
10.4 Applications 279
Conclusion 283
References 283
Chapter 11. Orbital Angular Momentum in Quantum Communication and Information 286
11.1 Sending and Receiving Quantum Information 288
11.2 Exploring the OAM State Space 295
11.3 Quantum Protocols 301
11.4 Conclusions and Outlook 305
Acknowledgments 306
References 306
Chapter 12. Optical Manipulation of Ultracold Atoms 310
12.1 Background 310
12.2 Optical Forces and Atom Traps 311
12.3 The Quantum Gas: Bose-Einstein Condensates 314
12.4 Light-Induced Gauge Potentials for Cold Atoms 323
12.5 Light-Induced Gauge Potentials for the Lambda Scheme 326
12.6 Light-Induced Gauge Fields for a Tripod Scheme 335
12.7 Ultra-Relativistic Behavior of Cold Atoms in Light-Induced Gauge Potentials 338
12.8 Final Remarks 344
References 345
Index 350
Color Insert 358