Handbook of Valves and Actuators (eBook)

Front Cover 1
VALVES MANUAL International: Handbook of Valves and Actuators 2
Copyright Page 2
Contents 10
Chapter 1. Definitions and abbreviations 26
Chapter 2. Properties of fluids 68
2.1 Explanation of terms 70
2.2 Water 77
2.3 Oils 83
2.4 Liquid-solid mixtures 85
2.5 Liquid-gas mixtures 89
2.6 Gas laws and gas properties 89
2.7 Useful references 103
Chapter 3. Isolating valves 106
3.1 Isolating valves and the system 107
3.2 Isolating valve design 107
3.3 Isolating valve types 108
3.4 Useful references 154
Chapter 4. Non-return valves 156
4.1 Non-return valves and the system 157
4.2 Non-return valve design 158
4.3 Non-return valve types 158
4.4 Useful references 166
Chapter 5. Regulators 168
5.1 Regulators and the system 169
5.2 Regulator design 169
5.3 Regulator types 171
5.4 Useful references 175
Chapter 6. Control valves 176
6.1 Process control valves and the system 177
6.2 Control valve design 177
6.3 Process control valve types 177
6.4 Useful references 198
Chapter 7. Safety relief valves 200
7.1 Safety relief valves and the system 201
7.2 Safety relief valve design 202
7.3 Safety relief valve types 203
7.4 Piping reactions 215
7.5 Useful references 216
Chapter 8. Valve and piping sizing 218
8.1 Sizing isolating valves 219
8.2 Sizing non-return valves 219
8.3 Sizing safety relief valves 220
8.4 Sizing regulators and control valves 222
8.6 Useful references 237
Chapter 9. Piping and connectors 240
9.1 Pipework design principles 241
9.2 Rigid piping systems 243
9.3 Flexible piping systems 260
9.4 Expansion joints 264
9.5 Threaded connections 265
9.6 Welded connections 266
9.7 Soldered connections 266
9.8 Cemented connections 267
9.9 Flanges 267
9.10 Gaskets 270
9.11 Clamped connections 273
9.12 Grooved connections 273
9.13 Compression fittings 273
9.14 Flared fittings 275
9.15 Quick release couplings 275
9.16 Approved connections 276
9.17 Useful references 276
Chapter 10. Noise in valves 278
10.1 The noise problem 279
10.2 Noise analysis 279
10.3 Sources of valve noise 279
10.4 Noise prediction 283
10.5 Noise attenuation 283
10.6 Noise calculations 286
10.7 Useful references 286
Chapter 11. Valve stem sealing 288
11.1 Introduction 289
11.2 Single seals 290
11.3 Double seals 293
11.4 Special designs 294
11.5 Seal materials 296
11.6 Lubrication 301
11.7 Packing friction 302
11.8 Packing box assembly 302
11.9 Useful references 302
Chapter 12. Actuators 304
12.1 Introduction 305
12.2 Control signals 306
12.3 Types of actuator 310
12.4 Accessories 319
12.5 Force/torque required in valve operation 329
12.6 Setting-up 333
12.7 Actuator selection 335
12.8 Useful references 335
Chapter 13. Valve materials 336
13.1 General 337
13.2 The Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) 337
13.3 NACE 338
13.4 Valve body material 338
13.5 Trim materials 344
13.6 Hard facing materials 344
13.7 Pressure/temperature ratings for flanges 345
13.8 Non-metallic coatings 359
13.9 Bolting materials 360
13.10 Useful references 361
Chapter 14. Instrumentation and ancillaries 362
14.1 Instrumentation 363
14.2 Ancillary equipment 364
14.3 Useful references 366
Chapter 15. Quality, inspection and testing 368
15.1 Introduction 369
15.2 Mass-produced valves 374
15.3 Custom-built valves 374
15.4 Guidelines for testing and documentation 376
15.5 Standards 376
15.6 Useful references 376
Chapter 16. Standards and specifications 378
16.1 Introduction 379
16.2 Issuing authorities 379
16.3 Components 381
16.4 Control and communications 381
16.5 Design 381
16.6 Dimensions and pressure ratings 383
16.7 Electrical 386
16.8 Fasteners 387
16.9 Fittings 387
16.10 Flanges 388
16.11 Flow capacity 388
16.12 Forces and moments on connections 389
16.13 Hoses 389
16.14 Inspection and testing 389
16.15 Installation 394
16.16 Instrumentation 394
16.17 Maintenance and repair 394
16.18 Materials 395
16.19 Noise 397
16.20 Operation 397
16.21 Painting and corrosion protection 397
16.22 Pipes and tubes 397
16.23 Pressure vessels 400
16.24 Qualification 401
16.25 Safety 401
16.26 Seat leakage 402
16.27 Terminology 403
16.28 Valves 403
16.29 Welding 403
Chapter 17. Installation and maintenance 406
17.1 Introduction 407
17.2 General 407
17.3 Pre-installation inspection 407
17.4 Installation criteria 408
17.5 Commissioning 410
17.6 Routine maintenance 412
17.7 Packing boxes 416
17.8 Spare parts 417
17.9 Trouble-shooting 417
17.10 Repairs 419
17.11 Useful references 420
Chapter 18. Some applications and solutions 422
18.1 Quarter-turn pneumatic rotary actuators — a comparison 423
18.2 Double isolation in demanding services 426
18.3 Low noise control for atmospheric venting 428
18.4 Actuation technology designed to assist the operator 430
18.5 Pressure relief with high flow capacity and low cost of ownership 433
18.6 The use of repair intelligence 434
18.7 Designed for continuous use — valves with a permeation-resistant lining 436
18.8 Valve sealing solutions — according to TA-Luft 437
18.9 Final elements in a safety instrumented system (ESD or HIPPS) 440
18.10 Eliminating plugging of boiler feedpump recirculation valves 442
18.11 Steam trap isolation ensuring uninterrupted steam flow 444
18.12 Increased valve actuator functionality in the digital age 446
Chapter 19. Valve and actuator selection 450
19.1 General operating conditions 451
19.2 Valve selection according to fluid 452
19.3 Check lists for valve purchase specification 452
19.4 Actuator selection 455
19.5 Check lists for actuator purchase specification 456
19.6 Purchasing 457
Chapter 20. Fluid properties & conversions
20.1 Introduction 459
20.2 Liquid properties 459
20.3 Thermodynamic properties of gases 478
20.4 Pressure/enthalpy charts 488
20.5 SI. The International System of Units 500
20.6 Conversion factors for SI units 502
20.7 Other conversion factors 506
20.8 Normal quantities and units used in valve technology 508
20.9 Useful references 508
Chapter 21. Buyers' Guide 510
21.1 Introduction 511
21.2 Company names and addresses 512
21.3 Isolating valves 543
21.4 Non-return valves 546
21.5 Regulators 548
21.6 Control valves 548
21.7 Safety relief valves 550
21.8 Actuators 551
21.9 Ancillary products and services 553
21.10 Trade or brand names 554
Index 557
Index to advertisers 571
Acknowledgements 571