Loomis's Essentials of Toxicology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Loomis's Essentials of Toxicology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Introduction, Scope, and Principles 14
History 16
Scope of Modern Toxicology 17
Environmental Toxicology 19
Economic Toxicology 21
Medical Toxicology 23
Fundamental Principles in Toxicology 25
Chapter 2. Numbers in Toxicology 30
Dose 30
Dose-Response Relationships 32
Statistical Concepts and LD50's 35
Potency versus Toxicity 36
Safety versus Toxicity 39
Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity 42
Response Concepts for Compounds Essential to the Biologic System 43
Chapter 3. Biologic Factors That Influence Toxicity 46
Absorption and Translocation of Chemicals 47
Reserve Functional Capacity 53
Accumulation and Storage of Chemicals in the Organism 54
Tolerance 57
Chapter 4. Chemical Factors That Influence Toxicity 60
Nonspecific Chemical Action 61
Selective Chemical Action 61
Effect of Ionization and Lipid Solubility on Translocation of Chemicals 63
Biotransformation Mechanisms 68
Chapter 5. Influence of Route of Administration on Systemic Toxicity 84
Percutaneous Route 85
Inhalation Route 87
Oral Route 89
Parenteral Routes 92
Chapter 6. Genetic Factors That Influence Toxicity 98
The Genetic Mechanism 98
Chemicals as Mutagens 100
Principles of Genetic-Induced Chemical Toxicity 101
Discovery and Classification of Genetic-Induced Chemical Toxicity 102
Genetic Factors in Accumulation of Chemicals 107
Genetic Factors in Prolongation of Action of Chemicals 108
Genetic Factors in Increased Sensitivity to Chemicals 109
Drug-Sensitive Hemoglobins 110
Genetic Factors in Species and Strain Resistance to Toxicity 112
Chapter 7. Classification of Harmful Effects of Chemicals 114
Drug-Induced Toxicity 114
Chemicals Intentionally Administered to Biologic Specimens 116
Chemicals Not Intended for Administration to Biologic Specimens 116
Expected or Normal Effects of Chemicals 116
Unexpected or Abnormal Effects of Chemicals 117
Chapter 8. Normal Toxic Effects of Chemicals 120
Harmful Effects of Chemicals Not Intended for Introduction into Biologic Systems 120
Harmful Effects of Chemicals Intended for Introduction into Biologic Systems 125
Chapter 9. Abnormal Response to Chemicals 134
The Immune Mechanism 135
Initial Exposure to Haptens —The Sensitizing Systems 136
Subsequent Exposure to Haptens—The Allergic Reaction 138
The Immune Mechanism in Toxicology 138
Immune Mechanisms in Clinical Toxicology 143
Activation and Suppression of the Immune System 146
Chapter 10. The Basis of Selective Toxicity 150
Selective Toxicity Due to Translocation Mechanisms 151
Selective Toxicity Due to Biotransformation Mechanisms 153
Selective Toxicity Due to the Presence or Absence of Receptors 155
Chapter 11. The Basis Of Antidotal Therapy 160
General Principles 161
Procedures for Decreasing Absorption or Translocation 163
Procedures for Enhancing Termination of Action or Elimination 170
Procedures for Elevating the Threshold of Toxicity 175
Chapter 12. Principles of Biological Tests for Toxicit 180
Principles of Experimental Toxicologic Methodology 182
Translocation Factors in Toxicologic Tests 183
Concentration-Response Factors in Toxicologic Tests 185
Toxicity Versus Safety—Experimental Concepts 189
Toxicity Versus Safety—Theoretical Concepts 195
Chemical-Biological Reactions in Different Species 196
Structure-Activity Factors in Toxicologic Tests 199
Development of the Categories of Toxicologic Tests 202
Time-Effect Relationships in Toxicity Tests 204
The Biological Life and Half-Life of Compounds in Relation to Toxicity Tests 207
Summary of Principles Involved in Toxicity Tests 216
Chapter 13. Toxicologic Testing Methods 218
Acute Toxicity Tests 221
Prolonged Toxicity Tests 226
Chronic Toxicity Tests 232
Teratogenic Tests 234
Reproduction Tests 238
Mutagenicity Tests 241
Carcinogenicity Tests 245
Skin and Eye Tests 250
Behavior Tests 256
Immune Tests 258
Chapter 14. Clinical Toxicology 262
Documentation of Chemical-Induced Illness and Death 262
Diagnosis of Illness 263
Treatment 264
Risk Assessment 265
Hazard versus Risk 267
Interrelations of Hazard, Risk, Safety, and Benefit 268
Chapter 15. Information Sources in Toxicology 270
Books 272
Database Systems 273
Index 276