All three volumes of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants serve the practicing engineer by providing organized design procedures, details on the equipment suitable for application selection, and charts in readily usable form. Process engineers, designers, and operators will find more chemical petrochemical plant design data in:
Volume 2, Third Edition, which covers distillation and packed towers as well as material on azeotropes and ideal/non-ideal systems.
Volume 3, Third Edition, which covers heat transfer, refrigeration systems, compression surge drums, and mechanical drivers.
A. Kayode Coker, is Chairman of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology department at Jubail Industrial College in Saudi Arabia. He's both a chartered scientist and a chartered chemical engineer for more than 15 years. and an author of Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design, Analysis and Simulation, Gulf Publishing Co., and Modeling of Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design, Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Provides improved design manuals for methods and proven fundamentals of process design with related data and charts
- Covers a complete range of basic day-to-day petrochemical operation topics with new material on significant industry changes since 1995.
A. Kayode Coker, Ph.D., is an engineering Coordinator at Saudi Aramco Shell Refinery Company, in Jubail, Saudi Arabia and is a consultant for AKC Technology in the UK. Prior to this he was Chairman of the Chemical and Process Engineering Department at Jubail Industrial College. He has also been a chartered scientist and a chartered chemical engineer for over 30 years. Coker is a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. UK, (C.Eng, CSci, FIChemE) and a senior member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). He holds a B.Sc. honors degree in Chemical Engineering, a Master of Science degree in Process Analysis and Development, and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, all from Aston University, Birmingham, UK. He also has a Teachers' Certificate in Education from the University of London, UK. He has directed and conducted short courses in both the UK and for SABIC industries in Saudi Arabia. His articles have been published in several international journals, he is an author of four books in chemical engineering and a contributor to the Encyclopaedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Vol. 61. Coker was named as one of the International Biographical Centre's Leading Engineers of the World 2008.
This complete revision of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Volume 1 builds upon Ernest E. Ludwig's classic text to further enhance its use as a chemical engineering process design manual of methods and proven fundamentals. This new edition includes important supplemental mechanical and related data, nomographs and charts. Also included within are improved techniques and fundamental methodologies, to guide the engineer in designing process equipment and applying chemical processes to properly detailed equipment.All three volumes of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants serve the practicing engineer by providing organized design procedures, details on the equipment suitable for application selection, and charts in readily usable form. Process engineers, designers, and operators will find more chemical petrochemical plant design data in:Volume 2, Third Edition, which covers distillation and packed towers as well as material on azeotropes and ideal/non-ideal systems.Volume 3, Third Edition, which covers heat transfer, refrigeration systems, compression surge drums, and mechanical drivers.A. Kayode Coker, is Chairman of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology department at Jubail Industrial College in Saudi Arabia. He's both a chartered scientist and a chartered chemical engineer for more than 15 years. and an author of Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design, Analysis and Simulation, Gulf Publishing Co., and Modeling of Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design, Butterworth-Heinemann. Provides improved design manuals for methods and proven fundamentals of process design with related data and charts Covers a complete range of basic day-to-day petrochemical operation topics with new material on significant industry changes since 1995.
Front Cover 1
Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface to the Fourth Edition 12
Preface to the Third Edition 13
Foreword 14
Acknowledgments 15
Biography 16
Disclaimer 17
Using the Software and Excel Spreadsheet Programs 18
CHAPTER 0 RULES OF THUMB: SUMMARY 19
COMPRESSORS, FANS, BLOWERS AND VACUUM PUMPS 19
CONVEYORS FOR PARTICULATE SOLIDS 19
COOLING TOWERS 19
CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTION 20
DISINTEGRATION 20
TOWERS 20
TRAY TOWERS 20
PACKED TOWERS 21
DRIVERS AND POWER RECOVERY EQUIPMENT 21
DRYING OF SOLIDS 21
EVAPORATORS 22
EXTRACTION, LIQUID–LIQUID 22
FILTRATION 22
FLUIDIZATION OF PARTICLES WITH GASES 22
HEAT EXCHANGERS 23
INSULATION 23
MIXING AND AGITATION 23
PARTICLE SIZE ENLARGEMENT 23
PIPING 24
PUMPS 24
REACTORS 24
REFRIGERATION 24
SIZE SEPARATION OF PARTICLES 25
UTILITIES, COMMON SPECIFICATIONS 25
VESSELS (DRUMS) 25
VESSEL (PRESSURE) 25
VESSELS (STORAGE TANKS) 26
CHAPTER 1 PROCESS PLANNING, SCHEDULING, AND FLOWSHEET DESIGN 28
1.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 28
1.2 PROCESS DESIGN SCOPE 30
1.3 ROLE OF THE PROCESS DESIGN ENGINEER 30
1.4 COMPUTER-AIDED FLOWSHEETING 31
1.5 THE SEQUENTIAL MODULAR SIMULATION 33
1.6 THE EQUATION MODULAR APPROACH 36
1.7 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM MODELING 36
1.8 ISOBUTANE CHEMICALS (iC4H10) 37
1.9 FLOWSHEETS – TYPES 42
1.10 FLOWSHEET PRESENTATION 43
1.11 GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS GUIDE 44
1.12 COMPUTER-AIDED FLOWSHEET DESIGN/DRAFTING 44
1.13 OPERATOR TRAINING SIMULATOR SYSTEM 45
1.14 FLOWSHEET SYMBOLS 46
1.15 WORKING SCHEDULES 66
1.16 INFORMATION CHECKLISTS 68
1.17 SYSTEM OF UNITS 83
1.18 SYSTEM DESIGN PRESSURES 83
1.19 TIME PLANNING AND SCHEDULING 84
1.20 PLANT LAYOUT 92
1.21 RULES OF THUMB ESTIMATING 94
NOMENCLATURE 94
ABBREVIATION 94
REFERENCES 94
FURTHER READING 95
CHAPTER 2 COST ESTIMATION AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION 96
2.1 INTRODUCTION 96
2.2 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATION 96
2.3 EQUIPMENT COST ESTIMATIONS BY CAPACITY RATIO EXPONENTS 98
2.4 YEARLY COST INDICES 99
2.5 FACTORED COST ESTIMATE 101
2.6 DETAILED FACTORIAL COST ESTIMATES 101
2.7 BARE MODULE COST FOR EQUIPMENT 105
2.8 SUMMARY OF THE FACTORIAL METHOD 106
2.9 COMPUTER COST ESTIMATING 107
2.10 PROJECT EVALUATION 107
NOMENCLATURE 128
REFERENCES 128
FURTHER READING 129
WEBSITES 129
CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES 130
3.1 DENSITY OF LIQUIDS 130
3.2 VISCOSITY OF GAS 131
3.3 VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS 131
3.4 HEAT CAPACITY OF GAS 132
3.5 HEAT CAPACITY OF LIQUID 133
3.6 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GAS 134
3.7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 134
3.8 SURFACE TENSION 135
3.9 VAPOR PRESSURE 136
3.10 ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION 137
3.11 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION 138
3.12 GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION 139
3.13 SOLUBILITY IN WATER CONTAINING SALT 140
3.14 SOLUBILITY IN WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE 141
3.15 HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT FOR GASES IN WATER 141
3.16 SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER 142
3.17 SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT FOR SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN WATER 143
3.18 SOLUBILITY OF NAPHTHENES IN WATER 143
3.19 SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT FOR NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN WATER 145
3.20 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID 146
3.21 VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION RATE 147
3.22 ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON 147
3.23 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS (DIFFUSIVITIES) 148
3.24 COMPRESSIBILITY Z-FACTOR OF NATURAL GASES 151
3.25 GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY Z-FACTOR 152
3.26 GAS MIXTURES 154
NOMENCLATURE 158
GREEK LETTERS 158
REFERENCES 158
FURTHER READING 159
CHAPTER 4 FLUID FLOW 160
4.1 INTRODUCTION 160
4.2 FLOW OF FLUIDS IN PIPES 160
4.3 SCOPE 161
4.4 BASIS 164
4.5 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW 164
4.6 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: VAPORS AND GASES [4] 164
4.7 IMPORTANT PRESSURE LEVEL REFERENCES 165
4.8 FACTORS OF “SAFETY” FOR DESIGN BASIS 165
4.9 PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES 165
4.10 PIPE 165
4.11 USUAL INDUSTRY PIPE SIZES AND CLASSES PRACTICE 166
4.12 BACKGROUND INFORMATION (ALSO SEE CHAPTER 5) 168
4.13 REYNOLDS NUMBER, Re (SOMETIMES USED NRe) 170
4.14 PIPE RELATIVE ROUGHNESS 173
4.15 DARCY FRICTION FACTOR, F 174
4.16 FRICTION HEAD LOSS (RESISTANCE) IN PIPE, FITTINGS, AND CONNECTIONS 181
4.17 PRESSURE DROP IN FITTINGS, VALVES, AND CONNECTIONS 184
4.18 VELOCITY AND VELOCITY HEAD 184
4.19 EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS 184
4.20 L/D VALUES IN LAMINAR REGION 184
4.21 VALIDITY OF K VALUES 185
4.22 LAMINAR FLOW 185
4.23 LOSS COEFFICIENT 188
4.24 SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT OR CONTRACTION [2] 194
4.25 PIPING SYSTEMS 195
4.26 RESISTANCE OF VALVES 198
4.27 FLOW COEFFICIENTS FOR VALVES, Cv 198
4.28 NOZZLES AND ORIFICES [4] 199
4.29 ALTERNATE CALCULATION BASIS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS FRICTION HEAD LOSS: LIQUIDS 214
4.30 EQUIVALENT LENGTH CONCEPT FOR VALVES, FITTINGS AND SO ON 214
4.31 FRICTION PRESSURE DROP FOR NON-VISCOUS LIQUIDS 219
4.32 ESTIMATION OF PRESSURE LOSS ACROSS CONTROL VALVES 223
4.33 THE DIRECT DESIGN OF A CONTROL VALVE 226
4.34 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER FLOW 227
4.35 FLOW OF WATER FROM OPEN-END HORIZONTAL PIPE 227
4.36 WATER HAMMER [23] 230
4.37 FRICTION PRESSURE DROP FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW 230
4.38 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW IN PIPES 233
4.39 MAXIMUM FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP 233
4.40 SONIC CONDITIONS LIMITING FLOW OF GASES AND VAPORS 233
4.41 THE MACH NUMBER, MA 235
4.42 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF COMPRESSIBLE ISOTHERMAL FLOW 236
4.43 FLOW RATE THROUGH PIPELINE 236
4.44 PIPELINE PRESSURE DROP (DELTA P) 237
4.45 CRITICAL PRESSURE RATIO 238
4.46 ADIABATIC FLOW 246
4.47 THE EXPANSION FACTOR, Y 246
4.48 MISLEADING RULES OF THUMB FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW 250
4.49 OTHER SIMPLIFIED COMPRESSIBLE FLOW METHODS 252
4.50 FRICTION DROP FOR FLOW OF VAPORS, GASES, AND STEAM 252
4.51 DARCY RATIONAL RELATION FOR COMPRESSIBLE VAPORS AND GASES 257
4.52 VELOCITY OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS IN PIPE 260
4.53 ALTERNATE SOLUTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW PROBLEMS 261
4.54 PROCEDURE 264
4.55 FRICTION DROP FOR COMPRESSIBLE NATURAL GAS IN LONG PIPE LINES 265
4.56 PANHANDLE-A GAS FLOW FORMULA [4] 272
4.57 MODIFIED PANHANDLE FLOW FORMULA [26] 274
4.58 AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA) DRY GAS METHOD 274
4.59 COMPLEX PIPE SYSTEMS HANDLING NATURAL (OR SIMILAR) GAS 274
4.60 TWO-PHASE LIQUID AND GAS FLOW IN PROCESS PIPING 274
4.61 FLOW PATTERNS 275
4.62 FLOW REGIMES 275
4.63 PRESSURE DROP 277
4.64 EROSION–CORROSION 279
4.65 TOTAL SYSTEM PRESSURE DROP 280
4.66 PIPE SIZING RULES 284
4.67 A SOLUTION FOR ALL TWO-PHASE PROBLEMS 285
4.68 GAS–LIQUID TWO-PHASE VERTICAL DOWNFLOW 291
4.69 PRESSURE DROP IN VACUUM SYSTEMS 295
4.70 LOW ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SYSTEMS FOR AIR [62] 298
4.71 VACUUM FOR OTHER GASES AND VAPORS 298
4.72 PIPE SIZING FOR NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW 300
4.73 SLURRY FLOW IN PROCESS PLANT PIPING 300
4.74 PRESSURE DROP FOR FLASHING LIQUIDS 301
4.75 SIZING CONDENSATE RETURN LINES 303
4.76 DESIGN PROCEDURE USING SARCO CHART [74] 303
4.77 FLOW THROUGH PACKED BEDS 304
NOMENCLATURE 314
REFERENCES 326
FURTHER READING 328
SOFTWARE FOR CALCULATING PRESSURE DROP 329
CHAPTER 5 PUMPING OF LIQUIDS 330
5.1 PUMP DESIGN STANDARDIZATION 331
5.2 BASIC PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 332
5.3 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SELECTION 335
5.4 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 338
5.5 SUCTION HEAD OR SUCTION LIFT, hs 343
5.6 DISCHARGE HEAD, hd 344
5.7 VELOCITY HEAD 346
5.8 FRICTION 350
5.9 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) AND PUMP SUCTION 350
5.10 SPECIFIC SPEED 357
5.11 ROTATIVE SPEED 359
5.12 PUMPING SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE 359
5.13 POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR PUMPING THROUGH PROCESS LINES 362
5.14 AFFINITY LAWS 365
5.15 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP EFFICIENCY 368
5.16 EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY 369
5.17 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SPECIFICATIONS 373
5.18 ROTARY PUMPS 379
5.19 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 382
5.20 SELECTION RULES-OF-THUMB 386
NOMENCLATURE 386
REFERENCES 395
FURTHER READING 395
CHAPTER 6 MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS 398
6.1 PARTICLE SIZE 398
6.2 PRELIMINARY SEPARATOR SELECTION 398
6.3 GUIDE TO DUST SEPARATOR APPLICATIONS 400
6.4 GUIDE TO LIQUID–SOLID PARTICLE SEPARATORS 400
6.5 GRAVITY SETTLERS 400
6.6 TERMINAL VELOCITY 400
6.7 ALTERNATE TERMINAL VELOCITY CALCULATION 408
6.8 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE’S OIL FIELD SEPARATORS 409
6.9 MODIFIED METHOD OF HAPPEL AND JORDAN [22] 413
6.10 DECANTER [25] 413
6.11 IMPINGEMENT SEPARATORS 416
6.12 CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS 427
NOMENCLATURE 467
REFERENCES 468
FURTHER READING 469
CHAPTER 7 MIXING OF LIQUIDS 472
7.1 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS 474
7.2 IMPELLERS 474
7.3 EQUIPMENT FOR AGITATION 488
7.4 FLOW PATTERNS 492
7.5 FLOW VISUALIZATION 494
7.6 MIXING CONCEPTS, THEORY, FUNDAMENTALS 495
7.7 FLOW 495
7.8 POWER 497
7.9 SCALE OF AGITATION, SA 508
7.10 MIXING TIME CORRELATION 508
7.11 SHAFT 510
7.12 DRIVE AND GEARS 510
7.13 STEADY BEARINGS 510
7.14 DRAFT TUBES 511
7.15 ENTRAINMENT 511
7.16 BATCH OR CONTINUOUS MIXING 512
7.17 BAFFLES 522
7.18 BLENDING 526
7.19 EMULSIONS 528
7.20 EXTRACTION 528
7.21 GAS–LIQUID CONTACTING 528
7.22 GAS–LIQUID MIXING OR DISPERSION 528
7.23 HEAT TRANSFER: COILS IN TANK, LIQUID AGITATED 528
7.24 EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY ON PROCESS FLUID HEAT TRANSFER FILM COEFFICIENT 528
7.25 HEAT TRANSFER AREA 532
7.26 IN-LINE, STATIC, OR MOTIONLESS MIXING 533
NOMENCLATURE 547
REFERENCES 548
FURTHER READING 549
WEBSITES 550
CHAPTER 8 EJECTORS AND MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEMS 552
8.1 EJECTORS 552
8.2 VACUUM SAFETY 552
8.3 TYPICAL RANGE PERFORMANCE OF VACUUM PRODUCERS 552
8.4 FEATURES 553
8.5 TYPES 554
8.6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 556
8.7 VACUUM RANGE GUIDE 556
8.8 PRESSURE TERMINOLOGY 559
8.9 PRESSURE DROP AT LOW ABSOLUTE PRESSURES 559
8.10 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 559
8.11 TYPES OF LOADS 567
8.12 LOAD VARIATION 578
8.13 STEAM AND WATER REQUIREMENTS 579
8.14 EJECTOR SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 579
8.15 EJECTOR SELECTION PROCEDURE 581
8.16 WATER JET EJECTORS 583
8.17 STEAM JET THERMOCOMPRESSORS 584
8.18 EJECTOR CONTROL 584
8.19 TIME REQUIRED FOR SYSTEM EVACUATION 585
8.20 ALTERNATE PUMPDOWN TO A VACUUM USING A MECHANICAL PUMP 586
8.21 EVALUATION WITH STEAM JETS 587
8.22 MECHANICAL VACUUM PUMPS 589
8.23 LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMPS/COMPRESSOR 589
8.24 ROTARY VANE VACUUM PUMPS 592
8.25 ROTARY BLOWERS OR ROTARY LOBE-TYPE BLOWERS 592
8.26 ROTARY PISTON PUMPS 596
NOMENCLATURE 599
REFERENCES 599
FURTHER READING 600
WEBSITES ON EJECTORS, VACUUM SYSTEMS, AND SCRUBBERS 600
CHAPTER 9 PROCESS SAFETY AND PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVICES 602
9.1 TYPES OF POSITIVE PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVICES (SEE MANUFACTURERS’ CATALOGS FOR DESIGN DETAILS) 602
9.2 TYPES OF VALVES/RELIEF DEVICES 604
9.3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 609
9.4 GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS [1] 609
9.5 RELIEF MECHANISMS 614
9.6 PRESSURE SETTINGS AND DESIGN BASIS 615
9.7 UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS ONLY, BUT NOT FIRED OR UNFIRED STEAM BOILERS 620
9.8 RELIEVING CAPACITY OF COMBINATIONS OF SAFETY RELIEF VALVES AND RUPTURE DISKS OR NON-RECLOSURE DEVICES 621
9.9 ESTABLISHING RELIEVING OR SET PRESSURES 623
9.10 SELECTION AND APPLICATION 624
9.11 CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION FOR PROCESS OPERATION (NON-FIRE) 624
9.12 SELECTION FEATURES: SAFETY, SAFETY RELIEF VALVES, AND RUPTURE DISKS 631
9.13 CALCULATIONS OF RELIEVING AREAS: SAFETY AND RELIEF VALVES 634
9.14 STANDARD PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVES – RELIEF AREA DISCHARGE OPENINGS 634
9.15 SIZING SAFETY RELIEF TYPE DEVICES FOR REQUIRED FLOW AREA AT TIME OF RELIEF* 634
9.16 EFFECTS OF TWO-PHASE VAPOR–LIQUID MIXTURE ON RELIEF VALVE CAPACITY 634
9.17 SIZING FOR GASES, VAPORS, OR LIQUIDS FOR CONVENTIONAL VALVES WITH CONSTANT BACK PRESSURE ONLY 634
9.18 ORIFICE AREA CALCULATIONS [42] 637
9.19 SIZING VALVES FOR LIQUID RELIEF: PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVES REQUIRING CAPACITY CERTIFICATION [5D] 639
9.20 SIZING VALVES FOR LIQUID RELIEF: PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVES NOT REQUIRING CAPACITY CERTIFICATION [5D] 639
9.21 REACTION FORCES 643
9.22 CALCULATIONS OF ORIFICE FLOW AREA USING PRESSURE RELIEVING BALANCED BELLOWS VALVES, WITH VARIABLE OR CONSTANT BACK PRESSURE 643
9.23 SIZING VALVES FOR LIQUID EXPANSION (HYDRAULIC EXPANSION OF LIQUID FILLED SYSTEMS/EQUIPMENT/PIPING) 647
9.24 SIZING VALVES FOR SUBCRITICAL FLOW: GAS OR VAPOR BUT NOT STEAM [5D] 649
9.25 EMERGENCY PRESSURE RELIEF: FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS RUPTURE DISKS 652
9.26 EXTERNAL FIRES 652
9.27 SET PRESSURES FOR EXTERNAL FIRES 652
9.28 HEAT ABSORBED 653
9.29 SURFACE AREA EXPOSED TO FIRE 653
9.30 RELIEF CAPACITY FOR FIRE EXPOSURE 655
9.31 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERNAL FIRE CONDITIONS 655
9.32 DESIGN PROCEDURE 655
9.33 PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVE ORIFICE AREAS ON VESSELS CONTAINING ONLY GAS, UNWETTED SURFACE 655
9.34 RUPTURE DISK SIZING DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION 657
9.35 SPECIFICATIONS TO MANUFACTURER 657
9.36 SIZE SELECTION 657
9.37 CALCULATION OF RELIEVING AREAS: RUPTURE DISKS FOR NON-EXPLOSIVE SERVICE 657
9.38 THE MANUFACTURING RANGE (MR) 658
9.39 SELECTION OF BURST PRESSURE FOR DISK, Pb (TABLE 9-3) 658
9.40 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DISK 659
9.41 RUPTURE DISK ASSEMBLY PRESSURE DROP 660
9.42 GASES AND VAPORS: RUPTURE DISKS [5a, PAR, 4.8] 660
9.43 API FOR SUBSONIC FLOW: GAS OR VAPOR (NOT STEAM) 662
9.44 LIQUIDS: RUPTURE DISK 662
9.45 SIZING FOR COMBINATION OF RUPTURE DISK AND PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVE IN SERIES COMBINATION 662
9.46 PRESSURE–VACUUM RELIEF FOR LOW PRESSURE STORAGE TANKS 665
9.47 BASIC VENTING FOR LOW PRESSURE STORAGE VESSELS 665
9.48 NON-REFRIGERATED ABOVE GROUND TANKS API-STD-2000
9.49 CORRECTIONS TO EXPRESS MISCELLANEOUS LIQUIDS VENTING IN TERMS OF FREE AIR (14.7 PSIA AND 60 degree F) 667
9.50 EMERGENCY VENT EQUIPMENT 671
9.51 REFRIGERATED ABOVE GROUND AND BELOW GROUND TANKS [48] 671
9.52 NORMAL CONDITIONS 671
9.53 EMERGENCY VENTING FOR FIRE EXPOSURE 673
9.54 FLAME ARRESTORS 673
9.55 PILOT-OPERATED VENT VALUES 674
9.56 EXPLOSIONS 674
9.57 FLAMMABILITY 675
9.58 TERMINOLOGY 678
9.59 MIXTURES OF FLAMMABLE GASES 679
9.60 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 681
9.61 IGNITION OF FLAMMABLE MIXTURES 683
9.62 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS 683
9.63 BLAST PRESSURES 683
9.64 TRI-NITRO TOLUENE (TNT) EQUIVALENCE FOR EXPLOSIONS 689
9.65 PRESSURE PILING 689
9.66 BLAST SCALING 689
9.67 EXPLOSION VENTING FOR GASES/VAPORS (NOT DUSTS) 693
9.68 BLEVES (BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSIONS) 694
9.69 LIQUID MIST EXPLOSIONS 695
9.70 RELIEF SIZING: EXPLOSIONS OF GASES AND VAPORS 695
9.71 VENT OR RELIEF AREA CALCULATION [10] FOR VENTING OF DEFLAGRATIONS IN LOW-STRENGTH ENCLOSURES 700
9.72 HIGH-STRENGTH ENCLOSURES FOR DEFLAGRATIONS 702
9.73 DETERMINATION OF RELIEF AREAS FOR DEFLAGRATIONS OF GASES/VAPORS/MISTS IN HIGH-STRENGTH ENCLOSURES 703
9.74 DUST EXPLOSIONS 705
9.75 DUST EXPLOSION CHARACTERISTICS 706
9.76 EVALUATING THE HAZARD 709
9.77 SIZING OF VENTS METHODS 715
9.78 THE VDI NOMOGRAPH METHODS 715
9.79 THE ST GROUP NOMOGRAPH METHOD 716
9.80 REGRESSION ANALYSIS FROM THE KST NOMOGRAPHS 716
9.81 EQUATIONS TO REPRESENT THE NOMOGRAPHS 717
9.82 THE VENT RATIO METHOD 722
9.83 EXTRAPOLATION/INTERPOLATION OF DUST NOMOGRAPHS 724
9.84 VENTING OF BINS, SILOS, AND HOPPERS 724
9.85 SIZING GUIDELINES (SEE [30] FOR DETAILS) 726
9.86 SECONDARY DUST EXPLOSIONS IN BUILDINGS 726
9.87 DUST CLOUDS 727
9.88 DUST EXPLOSION SEVERITY 727
9.89 PREVENTING, MITIGATING, AND PROTECTION AGAINST DUST EXPLOSIONS 728
9.90 PREVENTIVE EXPLOSION PROTECTION 731
9.91 EXPLOSION SUPPRESSION 731
9.92 UNCONFINED VAPOR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS (UVCE) 733
9.93 EFFECTS OF VENTING DUCTS 733
9.94 MAXIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN VENTS 733
9.95 RUNAWAY REACTIONS: DIERS 733
9.96 HAZARD EVALUATION IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES 741
9.97 HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 742
9.98 EXOTHERMS 742
9.99 ACCUMULATION 742
9.100 THERMAL RUNAWAY CHEMICAL REACTION HAZARDS 743
9.101 HEAT CONSUMED HEATING THE VESSEL: THE PHI-FACTOR 743
9.102 ONSET TEMPERATURE 744
9.103 TIME-TO-MAXIMUM RATE 744
9.104 MAXIMUM REACTION TEMPERATURE 744
9.105 VENT SIZING PACKAGE 744
9.106 VENT SIZING PACKAGE 2™(VSP2™) 745
9.107 ADVANCED REACTIVE SYSTEM SCREENING TOOL 746
9.108 TWO-PHASE FLOW RELIEF SIZING FOR RUNAWAY REACTION 747
9.109 RUNAWAY REACTIONS 748
9.110 VAPOR-PRESSURE SYSTEMS 748
9.111 GASSY SYSTEMS 749
9.112 HYBRID SYSTEMS 749
9.113 SIMPLIFIED NOMOGRAPH METHOD 749
9.114 VENT SIZING METHODS 753
9.115 VAPOR-PRESSURE SYSTEMS 753
9.116 FAUSKE’S METHOD 755
9.117 GASSY SYSTEMS 755
9.118 HOMOGENEOUS TWO-PHASE VENTING UNTIL DISENGAGEMENT 756
9.119 TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE 756
9.120 CONDITIONS OF USE 757
9.121 DISCHARGE SYSTEM 757
9.122 SAFE DISCHARGE 757
9.123 DIRECT DISCHARGE TO THE ATMOSPHERE 757
9.124 DIERS FINAL REPORTS 759
9.125 FLARES/FLARE STACKS 759
9.126 FLARES 760
9.127 SIZING 762
9.128 FLAME LENGTH [5C] 764
9.129 FLAME DISTORTION [5C] CAUSED BY WIND VELOCITY 764
9.130 FLARE STACK HEIGHT 766
9.131 PURGING OF FLARE STACKS AND VESSELS/PIPING 768
9.132 STATIC ELECTRICITY 770
9.133 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FOR DISCHARGE PIPING 771
9.134 DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW FOR DISCHARGE PIPING 771
9.135 COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR Z 773
9.136 DISCHARGE LINE SIZING 774
9.137 VENT PIPING 774
9.138 DISCHARGE REACTIVE FORCE 774
9.139 A RAPID SOLUTION FOR SIZING DEPRESSURING LINES [5C] 775
9.140 HAZARD AND OPERABILITY (HAZOP) STUDIES 776
9.141 STUDY CO-ORDINATION 777
9.142 HAZOP OF A BATCH PROCESS 778
9.143 LIMITATIONS OF HAZOP STUDIES 779
9.144 HAZARD ANALYSIS (HAZAN) 779
9.145 FAULT TREE ANALYSIS 781
9.146 INHERENTLY SAFER PLANT DESIGN 782
GLOSSARY 785
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 788
NOMENCLATURE 788
REFERENCES 790
FURTHER READING 793
SELECTED REFERENCES 796
APPENDIX A A LIST OF ENGINEERING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PROCESS DATA SHEETS 798
APPENDIX B 846
APPENDIX C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES 854
APPENDIX D 890
APPENDIX E 962
APPENDIX F 976
APPENDIX G ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 984
APPENDIX H NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES 990
APPENDIX I SCREENSHOT GUIDE TO ABSOFT COMPILER GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE 1004
INDEX 1012
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.8.2011 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-046970-1 / 0080469701 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-046970-6 / 9780080469706 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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