Fouling of Heat Exchangers (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fouling of Heat Exchangers 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 18
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Nomenclature 10
Chapter 1. Introduction 24
References 29
Chapter 2. Basic Principles 30
References 37
Chapter 3. The Cost of Fouling 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Increased capital investment 38
3.3 Additional operating costs 39
3.4 Loss of production 41
3.5 The cost of remedial action 42
3.6 Financial incentives 43
3.7 Concluding comments on the cost of fouling 44
References 44
Chapter 4. General Models of Fouling 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 A simple general model 49
4.3 Asymptotic fouling 49
4.4 Falling rate fouling 53
4.5 Concluding remarks 54
References 55
Chapter 5. Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer 56
5.1 Introduction 56
5.2 The flow of fluids 56
5.3 Mass transfer 59
5.4 Removal of deposits 60
5.5 Concluding remarks 65
References 66
Chapter 6. Adhesion 68
6.1 Introduction 68
6.2 Classification of interactions 68
6.3 Van der Waals forces 69
6.4 Electrostatic double layer forces 72
6.5 Practical systems 75
6.6 Concluding remarks 75
References 76
Chapter 7. Particulate Deposition 78
7.1 Introduction 78
7.2 Fundamental concepts 79
7.3 Particle transport - isothermal conditions 81
7.4 Non-isothermal particle deposition 89
7.5 Electromagnetic effects 92
7.6 Particle deposition models 93
7.7 Some experimental data on particulate deposition 101
References 114
Chapter 8. Crystallisation and Scale Formation 120
8.1 Introduction 120
8.2 Theoretical background to crystallisation fouling 123
8.3 The mechanism of crystallisation 129
8.4 Models of crystallisation fouling 137
8.5 Crystallisation and scaling under nucleate boiling conditions 145
8.6 Crystallisation fouling due to organic materials 150
References 156
Chapter 9. Freezing Fouling or Liquid Solidification 160
9.1 Introduction 160
9.2 Concepts and mathematical analysis 160
References 170
Chapter 10. Fouling Due to Corrosion 172
10.1 Introduction 172
10.2 General liquid corrosion theory 173
10.3 Corrosion fouling in gas systems 187
10.4 Materials of construction to resist corrosion 193
10.5 Factors affecting corrosion fouling 194
10.6 Corrosion fouling models 197
References 205
Chapter 11. Chemical Reaction Fouling 208
11.1 Introduction 208
11.2 Basic chemistry 210
11.3 Deposit composition 216
11.4 The effects of system operating variables 220
11.5 Models for chemical reaction fouling 224
References 241
Chapter 12. Biological Growth on Heat Exchanger Surfaces 246
12.1 Introduction 246
12.2 Basic biology 247
12.3 Biofilm formation 262
12.4 Models of biofouling 276
12.5 Concluding remarks 285
References 285
Chapter 13. The Design, Installation, Commissioning and Operation of Heat Exchangers to Minimise Fouling 292
13.1 Introduction 292
13.2 Basic considerations 292
13.3 The selection of heat exchangers 298
13.4 The choice of fouling resistance 300
13.5 Plant layout 304
13.6 Heat exchanger control 305
13.7 Acceptance, commissioning and start up of heat exchangers 306
13.8 Plant operation 308
References 309
Chapter 14. The Use of Additives to Mitigate Fouling 310
14.1 Introduction 310
14.2 Liquid systems 314
14.3 Gas systems 370
References 375
Chapter 15. Heat Exchanger Cleaning 380
15.1 Introduction 380
15.2 On-line cleaning 380
15.3 Off-line cleaning 411
15.4 Concluding remarks 427
References 428
Chapter 16. Fouling Assessment and Mitigation in Some Common Industrial Processes 432
16.1 Introduction 432
16.2 Cooling water systems 432
16.3 Combustion systems 458
16.4 Food processing 487
References 496
Chapter 17. Obtaining Data 502
17.1 Introduction 502
17.2 Experience 502
17.3 Laboratory methods 504
17.4 The acquisition of plant data 523
References 538
Index 540