Methods of the Physics of Porous Media (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Contributors 12
Volumes in Series 14
Preface 18
Chapter 1. Digital Images and Computer Modeling 26
1.1. Introduction to Porous Materials and Digital Images 26
1.2. Geometrical and Topological Analysis 31
1.3. Computing Material Properties from Images 40
1.4. Creating Isotropic 3-D Structures from 2-D Images 51
1.5. Microstructure Models in Three Dimensions 53
References 61
Chapter 2. Visualization of Flow Patterns in 2-D Model Networks 68
2.1. Visualization Tools 68
2.2. Capillary Displacements 72
2.3. Tracer Dispersion 85
2.4. Three-phase Flow 86
2.5. Critical Flows 88
2.6. Flow in Fractured Media 90
2.7. Foam Flow in Porous Media 90
2.8. Conclusion 90
References 91
Chapter 3. Probing Pore Structures by Sorption Isotherms and Mercury Porosimetry 94
3.1. Introduction 94
3.2. Background 96
3.3. Probing Pore Surfaces 105
3.4. Probing Porous Media 115
3.5. Conclusions 137
References 138
Chapter 4. Conductivity, Permeability, and Electrokinetics 144
4.1. Introduction 144
4.2. Electrical Conductivity 147
4.3. Hydraulic Permeability 158
4.4. Electrokinetics 166
4.5. Multiphase Systems 175
References 180
Chapter 5. Acoustics and Ultrasonics 186
5.1. The Role of Acoustics in Characterizing Porous Media 186
5.2. Review of Acoustic Wave Propagation 188
5.3. Acoustic Wave Propagation in Fluid-Saturated Porous Materials 195
5.4. Summary 240
References 241
Chapter 6. Small-Angle Scattering from Porous Materials 248
6.1. Introduction 248
6.2. Experimental Methods 251
6.3. Scattering from Porous Media 255
6.4. Scattering from Fractal Systems 265
6.5. Small-Angle Scattering Studies of Fluids Confined in Porous Media 270
6.6. Conclusion 279
Appendix A 280
Appendix B 282
References 284
Chapter 7. Light Scattering and Other Optical Methods 288
7.1. Introduction 288
7.2. Dynamic Light Scattering 290
7.3. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching 301
7.4. Forced Rayleigh Scattering 309
7.5. Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy 314
7.6. Other Optical Methods 318
References 322
Chapter 8. X-Ray Imaging 326
8.1. Introduction 326
8.2. Nature and Attenuation of X Rays 327
8.3. X-Ray Profile Measurement 329
8.4. Digital Radiographic Imaging 330
8.5. Computed Tomography Imaging 330
8.6. X-Ray Imaging Techniques 334
8.7. Applications of X-Ray Imaging 341
8.8. Ultra-High-Resolution CT 354
8.9. Summary 357
References 357
Chapter 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 362
9.1. Introduction 362
9.2. NMR Relaxation 363
9.3. NMR Properties Peculiar to Porous Media 365
9.4. Pore Size Distribution 372
9.5. Determination of Surface Relaxivity 376
9.6. Multiexponential Decay Signal Processing 382
9.7. NMR Porosity 386
9.8. Materials Processing Applications 388
9.9. Petrophysical Applications 391
9.10. Instrumental Requirements 396
9.11. Inside-Out NMR 398
9.12. Conclusion 401
References 402
Chapter 10. NMR Imaging of Fluids and Flow in Porous Media 412
10.1. Introduction 412
10.2. Imaging in Porous Media 413
10.3. Applications 440
References 446
Chapter 11. Acoustical and Electrical Methods for the Study of Fluid Mixing in Porous Media 450
11.1. Static Mixing and Tracer Dispersion in Porous Media: An Introduction 450
11.2. Mechanisms of Miscible Mixing 455
11.3. Experimental Techniques for Studying Dispersion at Microscopic Scale 458
11.4. Experimental Techniques for Analyzing Dispersion in Large-Scale Heterogeneities 472
11.5. Experimental Analysis of Anomalous Dispersion and Finite Size Effects 480
11.6. Mapping of Miscible Fluid Flow with Viscosity and Density Contrasts 491
11.7. Discussion and Conclusions 495
References 497
Index 502