Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982–83 El Nino–Southern Oscillation 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
Preface and Acknowledgements 8
List of Contributors 20
CHAPTER 1. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE EL NIÑO EVENT OF 1982–1983 22
1. Introduction 22
2. The Global View 24
3. Some Historical Perspective 25
4. Development of the Event of 1982–1983 27
References 40
CHAPTER 2. NUTRIENTS AND PRODUCTIVITY DURING THE 1982/83 EL NIÑO 42
1. Introduction 42
2. The Enso Cycle 43
3. The Basinwide Setting 47
4. Western Pacific 49
5. Eastern Pacific Normal Conditions 51
6. Eastern Pacific Anomalous Conditions 56
7. Productivity Effects of El Niño 64
8. Conclusions 70
References 71
CHAPTER 3. CORAL MORTALITY AND DISTURBANCES TO CORAL REEFS IN THE TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC 76
1. Introduction 76
2. Coral Bleaching, Mortality and Environmental Correlates 80
3. Community Effects 108
4. Interrupted Coral Growth and Reef Framework Accumulation: Indicators of Severe Event Occurrences 123
5. Discussion and conclusions 128
6. Summary 137
References 138
CHAPTER 4. THE EFFECTS OF THE EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION ON THE DISPERSAL OF CORALS AND OTHER MARINE ORGANISMS 148
1. Introduction 148
2. Oceanic Currents in the Tropical and Subtropical Pacific 149
3. Oceanic Currents During the 1982–83 El Niño 151
4. Transport of Marine Organisms in Oceanic Currents 153
5. Conclusions 158
References 159
CHAPTER 5. CORAL MORTALITY OUTSIDE OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC DURING 1982–1983: RELATIONSHIP TO EL NIÑO 162
1. Introduction 163
2. ENSO and Coral Mortality 167
3. Detailed Case Study - Great Barrier Reef 173
4. Detailed Case Study - San Blas Islands, Panama 182
5. Conclusions 192
References 198
CHAPTER 6. EL NIÑO AND THE HISTORY OF EASTERN PACIFIC REEF BUILDING 204
1. Introduction 205
2. Background 208
3. The 1982–1983 El Niño Event and Eastern Pacific Reefs 213
4. Evidence for Past El Niño Events 217
5. Ocean Conditions and Past El Niño Events 219
6. Urvina Bay, Galápagos Islands 222
7. Discussion 237
8. Conclusion 239
References 241
CHAPTER 7. REEF-BUILDING CORALS AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENSO WARMING EPISODES 254
1. Introduction 254
2. Study Sites 259
3. Methods 262
4. Stable Isotope Records in Corals 263
5. Conclusions 270
References 271
CHAPTER 8. TRACE ELEMENT INDICATORS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN REEF-BUILDING CORALS 276
1. Introduction 276
2. Minor and Trace Element Geochemistry of Corals 277
3. Sample Sites 281
4. Methods 282
5. Oceanic Markers of El Niño 282
6. Conclusions 298
References 299
CHAPTER 9. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION - INFORMATION FROM TREE RINGS 306
1. Introduction 306
2. Tree Rings as a Source of Information on Past Climate 308
3. Tree Rings and the Southern Oscillation: An Example Application 312
4. Future Directions 328
5. Summary 333
References 335
CHAPTER 10. EFFECTS OF EL NIÑO 1982–83 ON BENTHOS, FISH AND FISHERIES OFF THE SOUTH AMERICAN PACIFIC COAST 344
1. Introduction 345
2. Principal Abiotic Changes Induced by EN 1982–83 346
3. The Pelagic Subsystem 350
4. The Benthic Subsystem 357
5. Conclusions 371
References 374
CHAPTER 11. EFFECTS OF THE 1982–83 EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION EVENT ON MARINE IGUANA (AMBLYRHYNCHUS CRISTATUS BELL, 1825) POPULATIONS ON GALAPAGOS 382
1. Introduction 382
2. Study Area 385
3. Methods 385
4. Results 387
5. Discussion 394
References 400
CHAPTER 12. THE GULF OF PANAMA AND EL NIÑO EVENTS: THE FATE OF TWO REFUGEE BOOBIES FROM THE 1982–83 EVENT 402
1. Introduction 402
2. Natural History of the Boobies 402
3. The Occurrence 404
4. El Niño Events and the Gulf of Panama 410
5. Concluding Remarks 412
References 413
CHAPTER 13. SEABIRDS AND THE 1982–1984 EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION 416
1. Introduction 416
2. Results 417
3. Discussion of Effects and Evolutionary Consequences of ENSO 427
4. Conclusions and Future work 429
References 431
CHAPTER 14. EL NIÑO EFFECT ON SOUTH AMERICAN PINNIPED SPECIES 438
1. Introduction 438
2. Galápagos Fur Seal 440
3. South American Fur Seal 445
4. How the Sea Lions in Galápagos and Punta San Juan Survived the El Niño Event 447
5. Summary and Conclusions 449
References 451
CHAPTER 15. BOTTOMS BENEATH TROUBLED WATERS: BENTHIC IMPACTS OF THE 1982–1984 EL NIÑO IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE 454
1. Introduction 454
2. Biological Effects of the 1982-84 El Nino on Temperate Pelagic Ecosystems 457
3. ENSO Effects on Kelp Forests 462
4. ENSO Impacts on Kelp Forest Animals 471
5. Non-kelp Benthic Systems 477
6. Discussion 481
7. Conclusions 485
References 487
CHAPTER 16. THE IMPACT OF THE "EL NIÑO" DROUGHT OF 1982–83 ON A PANAMANIAN SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST 494
1. Introduction 494
2. The Severity of the El Nino Drought 496
3. The Impact Upon Plants of the El Niño Drought 497
4. The El Nino Drought and Animal Populations 501
5. Concluding Remarks 503
References 505
CHAPTER 17. THE BOTANICAL RESPONSE ON THE ATACAMA AND PERUVIAN DESERT FLORAS TO THE 1982–83 EL NINO EVENT 508
1. Introduction 508
2. Lomas Formations 509
3. Coastal Climate 512
4. Impact of Former Intense El Niño Events 514
5. 1982-83 El Nino Event 515
6. Botanical Response to 1982–83 El Niño Event 516
7. Conclusions 522
References 524
CHAPTER 18. AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN AN EVOLUTIONARY CONTEXT: EL NIÑO IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC 526
1. Introduction 526
2. ENSO as a Model For Extinction Events 527
3. Extinction in the Eastern Pacific 532
4. Speciation in the Eastern Pacific 533
5. Concluding Remarks 535
References 536
INDICES 540
Subject Index 540
Systematic Index 566
Geographic Index 575
Erratum 586